Background: Nowadays hypertension (HTN) is a common finding in children. Also, hydronephrosis is a common clinical condition that is referred to physicians. Kidney disease is the most common reason of secondary HTN in children. Objectives: In this study, the researchers aimed at evaluating the relationship between HTN and hydronephrosis in children. Methods: This was a case-control study that was done on children older than four years old. The case group included children with hydronephrosis that referred to the pediatrics clinic of Amirkabir hospital in Arak, Iran. At the same time, healthy children with the same demographic condition were entered in the control group. Results: This study was done on 328 children in case (108 children: 42 males and 66 females) and control (220 children: 98 males and 122 females) groups. The mean age of these children was 7.52 ± 2.48 years old. Overall, 95.4% of the case group and 85% of the control were in the normal range of diastolic blood pressure (P-value = 0.013) and 99.1% of the case group and 89.5% of the control group were in the normal range for systolic blood pressure (P-value = 0.007). Conclusions: It could be concluded that hydronephrosis and HTN had a relationship.

Background: Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), a circadian rhythm disorder, involves a significant, persistent, and intractable phase shift in sleep-wake schedule (later sleep onset and wake time) that conflicts with the individual's normal school, work, and/or lifestyle demands. Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is one of the most frequent pediatric pathologies. The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is around 9% in children aged 5 -10 years and about 40% of them have one or more episodes per week.

Introduction:Enuresis is defined as the repeated voiding of urine into clothes or bed at least twice a week for at least 3 consecutive months in a child who is at least 5 years of age. The behavior is not due exclusively to the direct physiologic effect of a substance or a general medical condition. Diurnal enuresis defines wetting, whereas awake and nocturnal enuresis refers to voiding during sleep. Primary enuresis occurs in children who have never been consistently dry through the night, whereas secondary enuresis refers the resumption of wetting after at least 6 months of dryness. Monosymptomatic enuresis has no associated daytime symptoms, and nonmonosymptomatic enuresis, which is more common, often has at least one subtle daytime symptom. Monosymptomatic enuresis is rarely associated with significant organic underlying abnormalities. Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic disabling illness characterized by repetitive, ritualistic behaviors over which the patients have little or no control. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between OCD and nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE).Materials and Methods:In this case–control study, we evaluated 186 children aged 6–17 years old who were visited in the pediatric clinics of Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran. The control group included 93 healthy children, and the case group included 93 age- and sex-matched children with stage 1–3 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Then, the children's behavioral status was evaluated using the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale.Results:The difference in compulsion was significant (P = 0.021), whereas the difference in obsession was significant between the two groups (P = 0.013). The most common symptom in CKD children with compulsion was silent repetition of words.Conclusion:Compulsive and obsessive are more common in NMNE versus healthy children. The observed correlation between compulsive-obsessive and NMNE makes psychological counseling mandatory in children with NMNE.

Background: The prevalence of hypertension and obesity is on the rise in children. Both hypertension and obesity are of the most important factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: Given the importance of hypertension and obesity in children, this study was conducted to determine the incidence of hypertension and obesity in children and investigate the relationship between these two variables. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 994 children over five years of age admitted to the Children's Clinic of Amirkabir Hospital in Arak, Iran. Blood pressure was determined by observing the standard blood pressure measurements based on children's gender, age, and height. The BMI of children was determined based on available charts. Results: Of the 994 children entering the study, 51.1% were male and 48.9% were female. The mean age was 7.49 ± 2.38 years. The prevalence of obesity was 10.5% and the prevalence of hypertension was 7%. Based on BMI, the prevalence of hypertension was 19.2% in obese children and 4.1% in normal-weight children (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The condition of hypertension in children is significantly correlated with their obesity.

Background: Children with an overactive bladder typically exhibit urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the relationship between sleep disorders and hyperactive bladders in children.

Children with an overactive bladder generally exhibit frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence. Often, a child will squat to try to prevent urinary incontinence. The bladder in these children is not anatomically and is functionally, smaller than normal and exhibits strong uncontrolled contractions. The aim of this study was to the evaluation of blood pressure (BP) in children with idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome. In this case-control study, we selected 110 children with overactive bladder as cases and 220 children without overactive bladder as controls. Children with overactive bladder and healthy children without overactive bladder were enrolled, and their BP was measured in children. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant in our comparisons. The mean age of the children was 8.8 ± 1.70 and 8.53 ± 2.44 years in overactive bladder and control group, respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic BP were a significant difference between case and control groups (P = 0.001). Systolic and diastolic BP were significantly higher in children with overactive bladder.

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Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be considered as one of the widespread childhood neurological disorder, which is a well-known disorder among some chronic diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate ADHD in girls with infrequent voiding and compare it with healthy children. Patients and Methods: One-hundred children aged between 5 and 12 years old with infrequent voiding and 100 healthy children without infrequent voiding, who were referred to the pediatric clinic were included in this case-control study as case and control groups, respectively, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria (Amirkabir hospital of Arak, Iran). Subjects were selected through simple random sample selection and ADHD was diagnosed by Conners' Parent Rating Scale-48 (CPRS-48) and DSM-IV criteria and was confirmed by psychologist consult. Results: ADHD inattentive type was observed in 6 patients in the case group and 2 patients in the control group. Moreover, 16 and 4 children, from the case group, were affected by ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type. Additionally, 7 and 4 children, from the control group, were affected by ADHD mixed type (P = 0.005). There were differences between the prevalence of ADHD in the case group and the control group. Data were analyzed using Binomial test in SPSS 18. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that ADHD is more common in children with infrequent voiding.