Field experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2021 growing seasons to evaluate the chlorophyll readings and crop water stress index (CWSI) response to full and deficit irrigation for drip-irrigated sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) under sub-humid climate of Bursa, Turkey. In addition, the changes of soil water content under different irrigation treatments and statistical relationships between chlorophyll and CWSI values and ET c , root yield and sugar yield were investigated. Experiments were carried out in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Irrigations were scheduled based on the replenishment of 100 (S1), 66 (S2), 33 (S3), and 0% (S4) of soil water depletion within the soil profile of 0–90 cm using 7 day irrigation intervals. Lower and upper baselines obtained by measurements based on the canopy temperature from the treatments full irrigated and non-irrigated were used to calculate CWSI. The variations in CWSI values were consistent with the variations of seasonal soil water contents induced by the different irrigation practices. CWSI values generally varied between 0 and 1 throughout the experimental periods. In 2019, seasonal mean chlorophyll readings varied between 203.3 and 249.1, and mean CWSI values varied between 0.12 and 0.85. In 2021, seasonal mean chlorophyll readings varied between 232.7 and 259.3 and mean CWSI values between 0.19 and 0.89. Unlike chlorophyll values, CWSI decreased with increased irrigation water amount. In both years, statistically significant relationships were determined between chlorophyll readings and CWSI and ET c , root yield and sugar yield. The greatest root yield was achieved with a seasonal mean CWSI value of 0.12. An exponential equation determined as “Root Yield = 10.804e −1,55CWSI ” between seasonal average CWSI values and root yield can be used for estimation of root yield in sugar beet farming. The mean CWSI values determined by infrared thermometer technique can be used in determination of crop water stress and irrigation scheduling of sugar beet cultivation under sub-humid climatic conditions.
Present experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation levels on yield, yield components and quality of drip-irrigated sugar beet under sub-humid conditions. Field experiments were conducted in the 2019 and 2021 growing seasons in the Bursa province of Turkey. Experiments were carried out in completely randomised blocks design with three replications. Irrigations were scheduled based on the replenishment of 100 (S1), 66 (S2), 33 (S3), and 0% (S4) of soil water depletion within the soil profile of 90 cm using 7-day irrigation intervals. In 2019, root yields varied between 29.32 (S4)–86.31 (S1) t/ha and sugar yields between 6.33–13.57 t/ha. In 2021, root yields varied between 26.18 (S4)–74.56 (S1) t/ha and sugar yields between 6.56–12.53 t/ha. Effects of different irrigation levels on investigated parameters were found to be significant (P < 0.01). The crop water consumption values were significantly related to root and sugar yields (P < 0.01). Based on present findings, S1 treatment was recommended to get the highest root and sugar yields. In case of limited water resources, S2 (33% water shortage) treatment with the highest water productivity and irrigation water productivity values could be recommended to ensure maximum efficiency from the applied irrigation water quantity.
Efficient use of water, one of the most critical life elements in the world, is becoming more and more important day by day. With the continuous increase in population and with climate change problems occur in terms of both consumption rate and usage patterns of water resources. It is becoming increasingly important to apply and research methods that can solve these problems all over the world. One of these solutions is the “Water Harvesting” method, which goes back many years. Water harvesting can be defined as the accumulation of runoff generated by precipitation to provide water for human, animal or crop use. While it is possible to see the use of the technique with roof and farm systems in micro-catchment dimension; wadi-bed and off-wadi (diversion) systems are used in macro-catchment dimension. In agricultural production, which uses a significant part of water resources, most of the rainwater falling into arid and semi-arid regions where production continues, goes away before could using efficiently by evaporation or flow. For this reason, the use of water resources becomes mandatory by using traditional irrigation methods in agricultural lands. With the water harvesting technique, after storing rain water, it can be held to be applied to crops. Hence the method since there will be no losses due to evaporation or flow, it will increase the total amount of irrigation water and reduce the pressure on water resources. Except for the protection of water resources, its role in preventing soil erosion is also seen as one of the main benefits of the method. In general, when the appropriate method is selected according to the appropriate geography, water harvesting has low inputs and is not difficult to apply. With a few exceptions, it does not require the use of pumps or energy input to deliver or deliver harvested water. In this study, information is given about the main elements, different usage areas and techniques of water harvesting.
Su kaynaklarının etkili kullanımının önemi, dünya nüfusunun katlanarak büyümesi ve iklim değişikliğinin etkileriyle beraber her geçen gün artmaktadır. Büyük bir su tüketicisi olan tarım sektöründe, doğal kaynaklar için kritik öneme sahip olan suyun verimli kullanılması hedefinin küresel anlamda etkileri ve olumlu sonuçları olacaktır. Tarımda suyun verimli kullanılması hem aşırı sulamalardan kaçınmak hem de bitkilere su stresi yaşatmamak için önemlidir. Bu nedenle kullanılacak su miktarının belirlenmesi amacıyla topraktaki mevcut nem miktarının izlenmesi bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Uygulanacak olan sulama programının oluşturulmasıyla, düzenli sulama uygulamaları yapılacak ve minimum sudan maksimum verim elde edilmesi amacının ilk aşaması tamamlanacaktır. Toprak nem içeriğinin belirlenmesinde uygulanan yöntemler doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Gravimetrik yöntem doğrudan toprak nem içeriğini belirlemek için kullanılırken; dolaylı yöntemler, elektromanyetik yansıma zamanının ve frekansının ölçülmesi, elektriksel direnç yöntemi, nötron saçılımı yöntemi ve toprak su potansiyelinin ölçülmesi olarak açıklanmıştır. Dolaylı ölçüm yöntemleri, doğrudan ölçüm yöntemlerine göre toprak nem içeriğinin izlenmesini uygulamada daha pratik hale getirmek için geliştirilmiştir. Ancak bu geliştirmelerin; ekipman fiyatlarının görece yüksek olması, çalışma aralıklarının sınırlı olması, insan sağlığına tehdit oluşturacak unsurlar barındırması ve ekonomik ömürlerinin sınırlı olması gibi farklı sonuçları olmuştur. Bu çalışmada toprak nem içeriğinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan yöntemler hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve sahip oldukları avantaj ve dezavantajlar incelenmiştir.
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