Carrier water quality may affect the activity of weak acid herbicides when concentrations of some cations are high. A dose-response experiment on glyphosate and imazethapyr activity, which were carried by the carrier types of distilled water and hard water, against jimsonweed were conducted to compare the water conditioning chemicals ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, citric acid and potassium phosphate, with magnetized carrier as a new method. A magnetic field of 0.7 Tesla was applied to prepare the magnetized carrier. With the exception of potassium phosphate with imazethapyr, the activity of glyphosate and imazethapyr was significantly increased in the presence of the water conditioning methods when distilled water was used as the carrier. Ammonium sulfate was the most effective method. The activity of both herbicides was decreased when applied with hard water carrier. Potassium phosphate was not effective at reducing the antagonism of cations in the hard water carrier. In glyphosate, the performance of water conditioning methods in softening hard water carrier could be ranked as follows: ammonium sulfate (2.52-fold) > magnetized carrier (2.12-fold) ≥ citric acid (1.64-fold) ≥ ammonium nitrate (1.39-fold) > potassium phosphate (0.96-fold). In imazethapyr, this order was as follows: ammonium sulfate (2.99-fold) > ammonium nitrate (2.66-fold) > magnetized carrier (1.81-fold) ≥ citric acid (1.64-fold) > potassium phosphate (1.10-fold).
Minerals in spray carrier water can adversely in uence the activity of weak acid herbicides, thus overcoming them has been considered a main research priority. A series of dose-response pot experiments were conducted to compare the water so ening chemical methods [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , C 6 H 8 O 7 , and KHPO 4 ] and a new water so ening physical method (passing through a magnetic eld of 0.7 T) for overcoming antagonism from the carriers containing 0.5 g L -1 of CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , or Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 on imazethapyr (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid) activity on jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.). e imazethapyr activity was signi cantly increased by all methods when distilled water was used as the carrier. e (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (relative potency [RP] = 3.52) was the most e ective method, followed by C 6 H 8 O 7 and NH 4 NO 3 (RP = 2.58), a magnetized carrier (RP = 1.83), and then KHPO 4 (RP = 1.48) to improve imazethapyr activity. e imazethapyr activity was clearly antagonized when carbonate salts were added to distilled water. e intensity of the antagonistic e ects depended on the cation's valence and ranked as Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (RP = 0.47) > MgCO 3 (RP = 0.52) = CaCO 3 (RP = 0.53) > K 2 CO 3 (RP = 0.69) = Na 2 CO 3 (RP = 0.66). e application of a magnetized carrier was not as e ective a method for overcoming this antagonism as the addition of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or C 6 H 8 O 7 , but it was more e ective than the addition of NH 4 NO 3 or KHPO 4 . Nonetheless, from di erent points of view-agronomic, environmental, and economic-applying a magnetized carrier is recommended as a technique because it not only needs no chemical but it also causes no side e ects.
act act Carrier water quality may affect the activity of weak acid herbicides when concentrations of some cations are high. A doseresponse experiment on glyphosate and imazethapyr activity, which were carried by the carrier types of distilled water and hard water, against jimsonweed were conducted to compare the water conditioning chemicals ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, citric acid and potassium phosphate, with magnetized carrier as a new method. A magnetic field of 0.7 Tesla was applied to prepare the magnetized carrier. With the exception of potassium phosphate with imazethapyr, the activity of glyphosate and imazethapyr was significantly increased in the presence of the water conditioning methods when distilled water was used as the carrier. Ammonium sulfate was the most effective method. The activity of both herbicides was decreased when applied with hard water carrier. Potassium phosphate was not effective at reducing the antagonism of cations in the hard water carrier. In glyphosate, the performance of water conditioning methods in softening hard water carrier could be ranked as follows: ammonium sulfate (2.52-fold) > magnetized carrier (2.12-fold) ≥ citric acid (1.64-fold) ≥ ammonium nitrate (1.39-fold) > potassium phosphate (0.96-fold). In imazethapyr, this order was as follows: ammonium sulfate (2.99-fold) > ammonium nitrate (2.66-fold) > magnetized carrier (1.81-fold) ≥ citric acid (1.64fold) > potassium phosphate (1.10-fold).
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