Increased foliar activity of clodinafop-propargyl and/or tribenuron-methyl by surfactants and theirsynergistic action on wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) wbm_353 292..299Surfactants can improve postemergence herbicide efficacy and reduce the amount of herbicide required to obtain weed control.The effect of surfactants on the efficacy of herbicides is complicated and depends on the interaction among the plant, surfactant, and herbicide.The effects of surfactants on the efficacy of clodinafop-propargyl and/or tribenuron-methyl on wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) under greenhouse conditions were investigated. In addition, the surface tension of aqueous solutions of the surfactants and surfactants + herbicides was determined. Significantly lower surface tension values were obtained with the aqueous solutions of citofrigate (Citogate plus Frigate) alone and with the herbicides used in this study.The citofrigate surfactant lead to the greatest enhancement of clodinafop-propargyl and/or tribenuron-methyl efficacy and the effect was species-dependent. The efficacy of clodinafop-propargyl and/or tribenuron-methyl in the presence of surfactants in controlling wild oat was higher than for wild mustard.The foliar activity of the tested herbicides rose with increasing surfactant concentrations.The tank mixture of clodinafop-propargyl and tribenuronmethyl showed a synergistic effect in controlling wild oat and wild mustard. The synergistic effect in controlling wild mustard was greater than for wild oat.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

control of glufosinate, oxyfluorfen, and paraquat as affected by the application time of day.

The reduction of herbicide applications is a main research priority in recent years. One way to achieve this goal is by using adjuvants that can increase the efficacy of foliar-applied herbicides by reducing surface tension. Previous studies have shown that the surface tension of distilled water decreases under the influence of a magnetic field. In order to compare the effects of a magnetic field and Frigate in clodinafop-propargyl and cycloxydim in controlling wild oat and evaluating the surface tension, a dose-response greenhouse experiment was conducted by using 0, 8, 16, 32, 48, and 64 g ai ha -1 of clodinafop-propargyl and 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g ai ha -1 of cycloxydim with Frigate and/or by passing them through a magnetic field.The magnetic field and Frigate caused a significant reduction in the surface tension of the herbicide solutions. But, Frigate was more effective in reducing the surface tension of the herbicide solutions, compared with the magnetic field. The magnetic field and Frigate increased the efficacy of clodinafop-propargyl and cycloxydim remarkably. Frigate increased the efficacy of the herbicides more than did the magnetic field. The magnetic field and Frigate collectively had more of an effect on the herbicides' efficacy than when they were applied individually. The magnetic field and Frigate were more effective in increasing the efficacy of clodinafoppropargyl than that of cycloxydim.