The indole-3-carbinol (I3C) displays anti-cancer/proliferative activities against human cancer
cells. Cellular proliferation is an event associated with the progress and its continuation. This manifest
is described by variation in expression and/or functions of genes that are related with cell cycle
relevant proteins. The constitutive activation of several signal transduction pathways stimulates cells
proliferation as well. The immediate stages in cancer development are accompanied by a fibrogenic response
and the progression of the hypoxic environment is in favor of survival and proliferatory functions
of cancer stem cells. A main part for prevention of in cancer cells death may manifest through altering
cell metabolism. Cellular proliferation and metastasis are reported to be supported with increased
generation of responsible hormones (in hormone dependent malignancies), and further promotion
the angiogenesis, with epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This may be facilitated by progression
of autophagy phenomenon, as well as via taking cues from neighboring stromal cells. Several signaling
pathways in association with various factors specific for cellular viability, including hypoxia inducible
factor 1, NF-κB, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1),
phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, Wnt, cell cycle related protein, with androgen and estrogen receptor
signaling are reported to be inhibited by I3C. These evidences, in association with bioinformatics data
represent very important information for describing signaling pathways in parallel with molecular targets
that may serve as markers for early diagnosis and/or critical targets for designing and development
of novel therapeutic regimes alone or combined with drugs, to prevent tumor formation and further
progression. In particular, I3C and DIM have been extensively investigated for their importance
against numbers human cancers both in vitro and in vivo. We aimed the present manuscript, current
study, to review anticancer properties and the miscellaneous mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenicity
in an in-depth study for broadening the I3C treating marvel.
Objective:Achillea millefolium (A. millefolium) is widely used as an anti-inflammatory remedy in traditional and herbal medicine. In this study, we investigated the effect of an aqueous extract from A. millefolium on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and on the serum cytokine levels in C57BL/6 mice.Materials and Methods:EAE was induced in 63 C57BL/6 mice weighing 20-25 g (8 weeks old). Following immunization, the treatment protocol was initiated by using different doses of an aqueous extract from A. millefolium (1, 5, and 10 mg/mouse/day). Histopathologic assessments were performed by hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and luxol fast blue (LFB) staining. Behavioral disabilities were recorded by a camera. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:On average, mice developed classical behavioral disabilities of EAE, 13.2 ± 1.9 days following immunization. Treatment of mice with A. millefolium led to delay the appearance of behavioral disabilities along with reduced severity of the behavioral disabilities. Treatment with A. millefolium prevented weight loss and increased serum levels of TGF-β in immunized mice with MOG35-55. EAE-induced mice, which were treated with A. millefolium, had less cerebral infiltration of inflammatory cells.Conclusion:The results demonstrated that treatment with aqueous extract of A. millefolium may attenuate disease severity, inflammatory responses, and demyelinating lesions in EAE-induced mice. In addition, following treatment with A. millefolium, serum levels of TGF-βwere increased in EAE-induced mice.
Background: The hepatocellular carcinoma is believed to be the third cause of death due to cancer, worldwide. A new derivative of the (2R,4S)-N-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl) pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide compound were synthesized, employing a facile one-pot reaction of trans-4-hydroxy proline and N-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetimidoyl chloride in the presence of TiO2 as catalysts and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
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