Background:
To investigate the effects of probiotics on glucose metabolism and body mass index (BMI), and
compare the efficacy of probiotic food with probiotic supplement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials.
Methods:
Online databases Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched until November 2019 to identify
eligible articles. Fourteen trials were included.
Results:
Probiotic consumption significantly changed fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (SMD=-0.38, 95% CI: -0.76 to 0.01),
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (SMD=-0.64, 95% CI: -0.91 to -0.38), fasting insulin concentration (SMD=-0.48, 95%
CI, -0.81 to -0.15), and HOMA-IR (SMD=-1.01, 95% CI, -1.51 to -0.52) compared with control groups. Probiotics made a
non-significant reduction of BMI (SMD=-0.02, 95% CI, -0.17 to 0.13) compared with control groups. Subgroup analysis
was conducted to trials with probiotic foods and probiotic supplement. Both of probiotic foods (SMD: -0.65, 95% CI: -
1.04 to -0.26; SMD: -1.17, 95% CI: -2.14 to -0.20, respectively) and supplements (SMD: -0.64, 95% CI: -1.01 to -0.27;
SMD: -0.98, 95% CI: -1.55 to -0.40, respectively) made significant reduction in HbA1c and HOMA.IR. Meta-analysis of
trials with probiotic foods found non-significant changes in FBG and fasting insulin (SMD: 0.11, 95% CI: -0.52 to 0.75;
SMD: -0.14, 95% CI: -0.48 to 0.20, respectively); however the reductions in trials with probiotic supplement were
significant (SMD: -0.73, 95% CI: -1.22 to -0.23; SMD: -0.57, 95% CI: -0.97 to -0.17, respectively). Probiotic foods
cause a non-significant raise in BMI (SMD: 0.23, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.49); however, meta-analysis of trials with probiotic
supplementation found a non-significant reduction in BMI (SMD: -0.13, 95% CI: -0.31 to 0.04).
Conclusions:
The present meta-analysis suggests that consuming probiotics could improve glucose metabolism and affect
body weight, with a potentially greater effect when the probiotics are used as supplement.