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Hepatitis C (HCV) remains a global health challenge and is transmitted via contact with contaminated blood and body fluids. This study aimed To find the factors influencing hepatitis c viral infections and to identify its prevalence among populations of the Algamosi area, Gezira state central Sudan. This cross-sectional community-based study was conducted. A total of 492 participants were randomly selected from among 4 villages and were interviewed to find out the factors that lead to transmission of infection and tested for markers of hepatitis C infection. ELISA confirmed all the positive card tests. The results showed that the individuals within the age groups > 45 and 31 -45 years are more affected by HCV the percentage was 3.37% and 0.6% respectively, while the age groups of 15 -30 and <15 years have zero prevalence 0%. There was a significant association between HCV with age groups (p < 0.05). Among the possible cause (1.4%) had a previous history of tattooing and were significantly reactive for anti-HCV (X 2 = 14.588 and p value = 0.001) The study concluded that the prevalence of hepatitis C viruses was only detected in three areas. This study explored many possible causes associated with viral hepatitis, tattooing is the common cause of hepatitis C virus. Based on the finding the study recommends, the crucial intervention program to screen most of the Algamosi population who have been not screened for HCV, proper treatment for HCV, and the health education program is strongly recommended to create awareness among the general population.

Background: The local population in developing countries is at higher risk of contracting hepatitis B (HBV) due to some of the factors they practice which promote its establishment and distribution within their communities and may constitute a burden for them. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with the hepatitis B virus in populations of the Algamosi region, Gezira State, central Sudan. Method: A crosssectional study was conducted among 492 people, populations of the Algamosi region, Gezira state in central Sudan. A questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic factors, transmission, and prevention of hepatitis B infections. As well, blood samples were taken from each participant, and serum was used for rapid tests for HBsAg. Positive samples were then tested by the ELISA method for confirmation. Data were obtained using SPSS version 21 and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of hepatitis B was 16.10% and was higher in men than in women (05.7 -1.00). People aged 31 to 45 had the highest prevalence of 27 (20,600%) for HBV infection. There was a significant association between HBV and age groups (X 2 = 7.816 and P value = 0.05). This study also found that there was a significant association between viral hepatitis and knowledge about transmission and prevention (P value < 0.005). This study showed a high prevalence of the hepatitis B virus in the local community of Algamosi in Sudan. So the prevalence of the hepatitis B virus was found to increase with age, Also, the previous infection with jaundice was identified among the risk factors contributing to the spread of hepatitis B, where the prevalence rate reached (2.7%) P value = 0.001. Social knowledge about hepatitis B was very high. Conclusion: Although most people who live

Anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) remain the most effective chemical substances used to control rodents in order to limit their agricultural and public health damage in both rural and urban environments. The emergence of genetically based resistance to AR worldwide has threatened effective rodent control. This study gives a first overview of the distribution and frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism in the vitamin K epoxide reductase subcomponent 1 (Vkorc1) gene in rodents in Lebanon. In the Mus genus, we detected two missense mutations Leu128Ser and Tyr139Cys, that confer resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in house mice and a new missense mutation Ala72Val in the Mus macedonicus species, not previously described. In the Rattus genus, we found one missense mutation Leu90Ile in the roof rat and one missense mutation Ser149Ile in the Norway rat. This is the first study to demonstrate potential resistance to AR in Lebanese rodents and therefore it provides data to pest control practitioners to choose the most suitable AR to control rodents in order to keep their efficacy.