Vitamin C application with microneedling immediately after treatment with QS-Nd:YAG laser is a promising adjunctive method for the treatment of recalcitrant melasma.

IMA levels are higher in patients with psoriasis than in healthy controls. IMA might be produced through an adaptive response to chronic hypoxia and oxidative stress, which might play a role in the systemic inflammation seen in psoriasis.

BD ¼ dilution (1.25 mg/dL) seems best corticosteroid for intralesional injection in the treatment of localized alopecia areata in adults.

Anthralin 1% is an effective therapy for AA and should be continued at least 9 months. At 9 months of topical anthralin therapy, the patients with at least a 50% reduction in their pretreatment SALT scores should continue the same treatment for at least 1 year. Anthralin is safe in children with chronic, severe, treatment-refractory, extensive AA.

This study showed that vitiligo is associated with tear hyperosmolarity and tear film dysfunction. Patients with vitiligo with periocular involvement may be more prone to dry eye than those without ocular involvement.