SCAPS 1-D was used for the simulation of lead-free environmentally benign methylammonium tin-iodide (CH3NH3SnI3) based solar cell. Indium sulphide (In2S3) was utilized as the electron transport layer (ETL) for its high carrier mobility and optimized band structure, unlike traditional titanium oxide (TiO2) ETL. Traditional expensive spiro-OMeTAD (C81H68N4O8) and cheaper cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN) were utilized alternatively as hole transport layer (HTL) to observe the effect of different HTL on cell performance. We investigated the trend in electrical measurements by altering parameters such as thickness, defect density, valence band (VB) effective density of state and bandgap of the absorber layer, interfacial trap densities and defect density of ETL. At optimum condition, the device revealed the highest efficiency of 18.45% for CuSCN (HTL) and 19.32% for spiro-OMeTAD (HTL) configuration. The effect of working temperature, the wavelength of light and band-to-band radiative recombination rate was also observed for both configurations. All these simulation results will help to fabricate eco-friendly high-efficiency perovskite solar cell by replacing the commonly used toxic lead-based perovskite.
A solar cell capacitance simulator named SCAPS 1D was used in the prediction study of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS), CuIn(S, Se)2 (CISSe) and Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) based solar cells where indium sulphide (In2S3), fluorine-doped tin oxide/FTO (SnO2:F) and gold (Au) were used as buffer layer, window layer and back contact respectively. We investigated the effect of thickness, defect density and carrier density of the different absorber layers, thickness of the buffer layer and at 300 K temperature and standard illumination, the optimum devices revealed highest efficiencies of 18.08%, 22.50%, 16.94% for CIGS, CISSe, CZTS-based cells respectively. Effect of operating temperature, wavelength of light and electron affinity of the buffer layer on the optimized solar cell performance was also observed. Moreover, simulations were run with tin (Sn) doped In2S3 buffer layer to see the change in electrical measurements in comparison with undoped condition and also, investigation was carried out by replacing In2S3 buffer layer with traditional cadmium sulphide (CdS) buffer layer with the aim of comparing their respective output parameters. All these simulation results will provide some vital guidelines for fabricating higher efficiency solar cells.
To understand how terrestrial ecosystems respond to global climate change, researchers have globally measured the energy, water and carbon dioxide flux densities (F) globally over various types of vegetation by the eddy covariance (EC) method. However, the process of F calculation and the method of quality control and quality assurance (QCQA) are complex and site specific. Moreover, instantly maintaining remote EC flux measurement sites against instrumentation problems and administrative difficulties is laborious. To overcome these issues, particularly those of realtime F monitoring and prompt site management, FluxPro was created.FluxPro consists of three functional systems: 1) a gathering system that transports EC measurements from various sites to the FluxPro management server; 2) a cooking system that computes F and its frictional uncertainty (ε) together with micrometeorological variables (V); and 3) a serving system that presents the results of the gathering and cooking systems as charts to be distributed over the internet in realtime. Consequently, FluxPro could become an appropriate system for realtime-multi-site management, since it not only automatically monitors F with ε and V but also continuously surveils EC sites, including copious information and an email alert system.
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