Thirty-one samples of cigarettes have been collected from local markets of different types of origins. The samples were selected according to a survey distributed to smokers by paper and digital survey to see the most heavily traded among smokers and in addition to a number of questions to see how the awareness and the culture of smokers in diseases caused by smoking and considered this study the first survey in Iraq. The aim of this research is to assess the number of cancer cases due to cigarette smoking. Through the use of High-Purity Germanium system (HPGe) (efficiency 40%) we determinated the radionuclides in cigarette tobacco. The average values were (14.86 ± 3.76, 10.84 ± 3.13, 1050.64 ± 47.57) Bq/kg for Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40, respectively, and the excess lifetime of cancer risk values ranged from 0.54 to 130 at average of 76 per million person per year. Raeq values varied from 18.50 to 87.21.4 Bq/kg with an average value of 39.51 Bq/kg for tobacco samples. The annual effective dose (HE) varies from 16.38 µSv/y to 44.69 µSv/y with an average value of 24.97 µsv/y. The Annual Gonadal Dose Equivalent (AGDE) varies from 0.3 to 0.64 (mSv/y) with an average value of 0.42 for all tobacco samples under investigation.
Smoking narghile has become a common occurrence among young Iraqi people since several years ago, moassel is the name given to the tobacco dentifrice smoked by Iraqi people, and it consists of tobacco, honey, glycerin and flavors. Tobacco which is the main component of the moassel has a little amount of some radioisotopes, but nevertheless few studies have addressed the radioactivity and the potential risks in moassel. Samples of the most common moassel types consumed in Iraq are collected from the markets, using gamma spectroscopy NaI(Tl), three natural radionuclides 40 K, 214 Bi and 208 Tl are investigated in the studied samples. The results show that the mean radium equivalent is 10.272 Bq/kg, the mean gammaabsorbed dose is 4.089 nGy/h, the mean annual effective dose is0.051 mSv/y, the mean external hazard index is 0.026, the mean internal hazard index is 0.035, the mean gamma index is 0.034, the mean alpha index is 0.017, and the annual gonadal dose equivalent is 0.031 mSv/y. A question near is done in this work to investigate the annual smoked mass of the moassel by capita to compute some of the transaction. The results show that the total daily inhalation is 3.027 mSv/y, the total annual effective dose is 0.002 × 10 −6 mSv/y, and the total excessive lifetime cancer risk is 0.00501 mSv/y. The study concludes that all results are below than the recommended limits given by (UNSCEAR 2000).
In this research we try to investigate the optimum etching time for the tracks originate in (CR-39) solid state nuclear track detector after irradiated with alpha source (241 Am) using three different etching techniques: the traditional method (water bath), microwaves and ultrasound devices. The track etching parameters: bulk etch rate (VB), track etch rate (VT), track etch rate ratio evaluates (V), critical angle (θC), and etching efficiency (η) were calculated in this research. It's seen that the optimum etching time was ranging with (60-150 min), (20-30 min) and (60-120 min) when etching with water bath, microwave and ultrasound respectively. Also we observed that the critical angle was (24.29) when etching CR-39 detector with microwave. This value is lower than the critical angles values for the detector etched with water bath or ultrasound; thus it can be the optimum magnitude because its decrease leads to increasing the number of the tracks appeared in the detector and the etching efficiency.
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