Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world’s rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Lassa Fever is endemic to the eastern region of Sierra Leone. It is a haemorrhagic disease that is often transmitted from rats to humans and then human to humans. Ecological disturbances such as changes in land use involving conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture, mining or for urban expansion are reported to bring humans into close contact with animals such as the Mastomys rat that carries the Lassa Fever virus thereby posing health problems.The nature and extent of such ecological disturbances or land use changes within areas known to be endemic to Lassa Fever are not clearly understood from a research context in Sierra Leone. This study was therefore undertaken to identify the pattern of changes in land use and cropping practices and their potential to bring humans into close interactions with the Mastomys rat that is the host for the Lassa Fever virus. Four communities were chosen for the study, two rural (Lalehun and Majihun) and two urban (Lambayama section in Kenema City and Largo Square section in Segbwema Town). Different vegetation and land use/cropping practices were identified and observations were made on the pattern of changes at different times in the cropping year. There were four common vegetation and cropping practices found in all communities: upland rice intercropping, old fallow, young fallow, and swamp rice cultivation. The study revealed the variations in land use patterns and cropping practices between urban and rural settlements. Agro-forestry practices such as perennial cash crops cacao and rubber plantations were more common in rural communities. The study also revealed that while fallow vegetation persisted in rural areas there had been expansion of settlements into old fallow vegetation indicating a greater threat to the persistence of natural ecosystem in urban than in rural settlements. These disturbances resulted in habitat fragmentation and increased the likelihood of contact between humans and animal species (e.g. Mastomys * Corresponding author.A. Kamara et al. 451 rat) associated with various habitats.

The safety of water is usually determined by comparing its quality to recommended standards. The objective of this work was to determine whether the water supplied on Njala Campus is safe for drinking. The quality parameters investigated include coliform bacteria, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids and nitrates. Samples were stored in a cooler with ice and transported to the laboratory within 30 minutes of collection. A checklist of questions to know the perception of residents was administered. According to the physical and biological results, the water is not safe for consumption. The turbidity and microbial counts were too high in most samples both in the wet and dry seasons. Additionally, over 80% of the respondents did not trust the water supply system. Most of them treat the supplied water by either boiling or disinfection before use. Most respondents complained of water-borne diseases but were not clear whether it is related to the water supplied. The chemical parameters, however, were acceptable: nitrate levels were low. In conclusion, the water is not safe for consumption as far as the physical and biological parameters are concerned. The campus water supply system needs improvement in terms of conveying raw and finished water, filter optimization, and satisfying the chlorine demand.

Understanding the hydrologic budget is crucial in planning for community based water supply. The water budget includes rainfall intensity, groundwater recharge, interception, evapotranspiration, and surface runoff. The percentage of rain going to recharge groundwater, rivers, and lakes is very important from the standpoint of human water consumption and ecosystems service. The objective of this work is to determine the recharge potential of groundwater in the Mokonde Community, Southern Sierra Leone. The community is dependent on wells as the main source of domestic water supply. This research need was born out of the absence of available data to show the relationship between rainfall amounts and groundwater recharge in the study area. In this study we monitored groundwater in a well at the United Methodist Church (UMC) compound at Ngegba Street. Automatic water logging devices were deployed to take readings in water level fluctuations every 15 minutes. Monitoring continued throughout the hydrological year of Sierra Leone. A rain gauge was deployed at neighboring UMC Primary School, and daily rainfall records taken at 9:00 a.m. Our team members also deployed at the well on a daily basis to collect data on abstraction of water. The results revealed, through a 29-year rainfall data and the Specific Yield, that 1170 mm of rainfall (48%) was the maximum potential of rainfall that would make groundwater a convenient source of water supply in the area. This demand was higher with the recent 1-year rainfall data. Increase in settlement had likely led to reduction in pervious area, and hence more and more rainfall needed for recharge. The time it took for maximum recharge (4 weeks) was shorter than that for maximum discharge (28 -30 weeks). Groundwater flowed southwards towards the Gbengitay stream, which drained into the Tia River. These results would inform first step in delineating the water balance in the study area. Future studies could include the quality aspect, stream/river flow, interception and evapotranspiration. These pieces of information are required to help informed decision for water security. A. S. Mansaray et al.544

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Artisanal gold mining has a long history in Sierra Leone. Mining is the most important economic activity in the communities endowed with minerals. Many people who are often disadvantaged in the labour market are engaged in this sector. The poor implementation of mining laws and regulations is fueling the rate of involvement in the sector. In-depth studies of the effect of artisanal mining activities on the livelihood strategy of non-miming population in Sierra Leone are rare. The overarching objective of this work is to bring to light the effect of artisanal gold mining on the environment and livelihood of local resident with a case study of Baomahun, Delenga Section of Valunia Chiefdom, Bo District, Southern Sierra Leone. The study population comprised of people residing at the study area as at 2015. The primary sampling units included elements from the Baomahun vicinity such as miners, mines monitors, conservation agents and local residents of the village. The sample frame employed in this study was the random selection of artisanal miners at each site where mining was being undertaken, mines monitoring officers, conservation agents and local residents. Sample size was 76 people. This was done to indicate proper representation of the study area. And also 76 questionnaires were administered to miners, mines monitors, conservation agents and local residents. Both primary data and secondary data were used in the study. Detailed explanation of the analyses was accomplished by both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study revealed that there are varied degrees of visible impacts of artisanal mining on the environments. They include soil depression; creation of water pools in abandoned unfilled mines and diHow to cite this paper: Sheriff, I., Gogra,

The increase in mortality/loss of native chickens in the rural areas of Sierra Leone is posing a serious threat to the traditional chicken industry. Poultry farmers loss many chickens annually which hugely undercut their livelihood and social status. This research was therefore conducted to investigate the main causes of native chicken mortality/loss, control strategies and how it influences the livelihood of farmers in Moyamba district, Sierra Leone. The data was obtained through field survey, personal discussion and observation from randomly selected 300 participants in 6 villages. The findings revealed that 84.3% of the interviewed farmers were female while the overall illiteracy rate of the participants was 72.3%. The average number of the different livestock kept by the farmers were: 7.8 (chicken), 0.3 (duck), 0.6 (sheep), 0.2 (pig) and 3.4 (goat). 45.5% of the mortality/loss recorded from 2017-2018 was said to be caused by predators while 54.5% was caused by diseases/parasites and other factors (2017-2018). 33.0 and 32.0% of the mortality/loss occurred during the late dry and early rainy seasons while 20.0 and 15.0% occurred in the early dry and late rainy seasons respectively. Settlements along the grassland and forested areas reported a high incidence of predators while the river-line areas reported high cases of diseases/parasites. The main predators identified were hawk, red fox and eagle while Newcastle disease and lice were the most serious disease and parasites named respectively. The animal healthcare services are inadequate and therefore, traditional methods of controlling diseases/parasites and predators are widely adopted. The impact of mortality/loss to farmers at household level include low protein intake, loss of income, weak cultural/religious practices, loss of flock, food insecurity, increase in poverty and lack of job. Therefore, there is a need for effective and continuous implementation of disease/parasites control programs in the study areas by strengthening the veterinary and the extension services for better productivity and improved management practices.

The thrust of this research study was to ascertain the physicochemical characteristic in settling particulate matter and sediments of samples collected from the wellington industrial estate flood plains; the main of objectives are as follows: to determine the hydrogen ion index (pH) of the samples collected in the study area, to determine the electrical conductivity (EC) of the samples collected from the same location. Samples were collected from six locations (at varying depths of 0 -5 cm and 5 -10 cm) sample area 1 (Wellington Industrial Estate Area 1) WIEA1 WIEA 2, WIEA 3, WIEA 4, WIEA 5 and WIEA 6 and were given laboratory treatment. A laboratory thermometer was used to determine temperature of the samples when collected; (Dakton model) pH meter equipment and a Toledo electrical conductivity meter were used to determine the pH and EC respectively. The results indicated that the samples were acidic (low pH) and the conductivity of the samples was of medium and low range. This therefore expressed low levels of soluble metal ions in the environment that have effect on plants, animals and other organisms, agricultural and domestic activities in the environment under investigation. Hence bioconcentration and biomagnification are highly likely in these locations.