-Volatilization plays an important role in the process of herbicide dispersion in the environment. The physicochemical characteristics of the clomazone molecule indicate its volatility potential. The present study aimed to evaluate the volatilization rate of three clomazone formulations under field conditions using indicator plants and wind tunnels. Transparent polyethylene tunnels were placed on a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) field parallel to the prevalent wind direction, and the herbicide formulations were applied in plastic trays containing 10 kg of sieved soil and placed at the center of the tunnel. The experiment was arranged in a slip-plot design with four replications. The main plots were represented by different formulations of the herbicides: Gamit 360 CS ® , Gamit 500 EC ® and Gamit Star ® , and control plots without herbicide application. The sub-plots represented the distances from the application site: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 meters. Herbicide injury in sorghum was then assessed at different days after application. The symptoms of all formulations were more intense in the plants that were closer to the application site, and were even more severe in the prevailing wind direction. In general, regardless of the application distance, Gamit 360 CS ® caused less injury to the sorghum.

The development of the primary sector by expansion of cultivation areas and the raise of productive indexes promotes a larger use of agrotoxics, causing problems related to the inefficiency of applications, which becomes an issue to be studied, especially regarding the quality of sprayers and the precision of spraying. The goal of the present paper is to determine the condition and conservation of agricultural sprayers used in the West border and the Central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), in southern Brazil, as well as identifying the most recurring problems, and assessing the applicability of ISO 16122 in the country’s reality. The execution of this work originated the Projeto de Inspeção de Pulverizadores Agrícolas (PIPA) [Agricultural Sprayer Inspection Project], which was undertaken in two regions of RS, inspecting 56 sprayers. The inspections were carried out by using the technical kit for agricultural sprayer inspection, according to requirements in the methodology described in ISO 16122 (2015). After evaluations were conducted, the data collected were submitted to exploratory analysis by descriptive statistics with the use of percentage frequency. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that there is need for agricultural sprayer inspection to become mandatory in Brazil. Considering the most frequent application problems, it was possible to verify that, in 64.29% of the evaluations, the precision of the manometer was considered as seriously flawed; in 73.21%, the transverse distribution of the spray wand was also seriously flawed, which is related principally to errors in the space among spray nozzles, and to their wear, affecting 76.79% of the cases in terms of application volume. Besides these, it was also observed that, in 69.64% of the inspected sprayers, the PTO rotation was below recommendation. In relation to the applicability of ISO 16122, it was concluded that there is need for it to be updated, developing specific methodologies for the inspection of self-propelled sprayers. In this sense, in case it be transcribed as ABNT NBR ISO 16122, the latter must specify new parameters so it be unanimously and appropriately used in accordance to Brazilian reality.

This research evaluated the performance of a diesel engine in an agricultural tractor, using Diesel S500 (B5) and mixture with 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) and RESUMO Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o desempenho de um motor ciclo Diesel de um trator agrícola, utilizando óleo Diesel S500 (B5) e sua mistura com 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) e 15% (ED15) de etanol hidratado. As variáveis

This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of a Diesel cycle engine, changing the configurations for the air and fuel supply system. Variables analyzed were torque, power, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency in four different engine configurations (aspirated, aspirated + service, turbocharged + service and turbocharged). For that, there were dynamometer experiments by power take-off of an agricultural tractor. The experimental outline used was entirely randomized, in a bifatorial design with three repetitions. Results indicated that the engine supercharge, compared to its original configuration, provided a significant increase of torque and power. Only the addition of turbo does not caused a significant effect in the engine performance. Application of turbocharger provides an improvement in the burning of the air/fuel mixture, which favors the increase of engine power and; consequently, reduced the specific fuel consumption.

Resumo Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da borra de soja no comportamento ingestivo de 30 novilhos mestiços Charolês/Nelore, confinados, com 20 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 328,3 kg. Cada grupo experimental foi composto por seis animais, distribuídos nos tratamentos: 00; 30; 60; 90 e 120 g de borra de soja por 1000 g de matéria seca na dieta, os quais continham 29,0; 47,3; 66,7; 86,8 e 106,8 g de extrato etéreo, respectivamente. O aumento no nível de inclusão de borra de soja na dieta não interferiu no tempo de alimentação, ruminação e ócio (3,11; 13,33 e 7,55 h, respectivamente). As variáveis número de mastigações por bolo, tempo de mastigação por bolo, número de bolos, número de mastigações diárias e tempo de mastigação total (h/dia) (62; 58; 470; 28978 e 10,65, respectivamente) também não sofreram efeito dos tratamentos. O consumo de matéria seca foi similar, em contrapartida, o consumo de fibra detergente neutro (kg/dia) e a eficiência (g FDN/h) da referida fração apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente com aumento da inclusão de borra. A borra de soja pode ser incluída na dieta de novilhos mestiços confinados até o nível de 120 g por 1000 g de matéria seca sem que haja efeitos negativos sobre as principais variáveis relativas ao comportamento ingestivo.