Las aceras de la Ciudad de Panamá no consideran que se brinde facilidad y seguridad a personas con o sin movilidad reducida. El desarrollo apresurado, densidad poblacional, limita la accesibilidad peatonal. Se busca mejorar la estructura existente, siendo zona de interés la red peatonal circundante al metro. El espacio es reducido y en su mayor parte asignado a los vehículos. El objetivo principal fue analizar las aceras de la zona tomando como referencia principal los parámetros establecidos por el SENADIS sobre al ancho de acera requerido para un tránsito óptimo y con esto, determinar rutas favorables. La recopilación de la información estructural y el estado de accesibilidad en las aceras a través de la investigación de campo buscó presentar y gestionar de forma visual el comportamiento sobre la movilidad y accesibilidad en la zona. Teniendo presente que se requiere mejorar el nivel de accesibilidad en la estructura existente, así como distinguir los segmentos en función de la accesibilidad que poseen. La metodología consistió en recopilar la información existente y evaluar el estado de accesibilidad conforme a variables previamente establecidas como: ancho mínimo de aceras, estado estructural, obstáculos, salubridad, señalizaciones y rampas. Se obtuvieron resultados tales como la cantidad de tramos óptimos, funcionales y deficientes. Así, como los tramos que cumplen con el ancho de accesibilidad, también se presentaron los tramos que albergan aguas negras, basura y obstáculos. De esta forma, se crearon mapas que permiten ver el estado de las aceras en tres categorías (óptimas, funcionales y deficientes) principalmente.
A rapid and an effective reservoir simulation model was built based on limited information. 3D seismic impedance, two exploratory wells' log interpretation, a core data, and a well test consisting of an isochronal test and, several months later, an extended flow followed by long build up test were basic available data for this field. The main objective of this study is to estimate recoverable reserve with or without hydraulic fracturing in Mulichinco formation at the Paso Del Indio Field. Material balance and decline curve analyses have important limitations to estimate ultimate recoverable reserves in the tight gas reservoirs. Well types that are derived from the conceptual simulation models do not reflect the effective drainage area or permeability heterogeneity in the field. A representative permeability in well spacing area should be averaged harmonically or geometrically. In order to estimate the ultimate recoverable reserves in the tight gas reservoirs, permeability heterogeneity or the effective available drainage area to hydraulic fractures should be simulated effectively. Relatively small changes in permeability can results in unsuccessful fracture design and in uneconomical flow rates. A very quick and effective simple reservoir simulation model was established to estimate recoverable reserves rather than using conventional volumetric, material balance, and decline curve analysis in tight gas reservoirs. Not having any production histories, well test information was used very successfully as history matching information to validate the geological, petrophysical, and PVT models. Introduction The Mulichinco Formation is a mainly clastic unit broadly developed in the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin. The unit is composed of up to 500 meters of continental to shallow marine deposits having a clear transgressive tendency. In central basin positions the Mulichinco Formation is one of the main hydrocarbon reservoirs, with petrophysical properties largely controlled by facies, stratigraphy and structural position 1. Reservoir properties are very heterogeneous, areally as well as vertically due to stratigraphic trapping and diagenesis. Tight gas reservoirs are more heterogeneous than high permeability reservoirs. Permeability variations in gas bearing formation, hydraulic fracturing properties, and fracture connectivity to formation are main parameters for the gas rates and ultimate recoverable reserves estimation. Applying classical reservoir engineering techniques to tight gas reservoirs has important limitations. Volumetric calculations are usually intended to overestimate original gas in place due to constant reservoir property assumption. Material balance and decline curve analysis have serious drawbacks to estimate ultimate recoverable reserves in tight gas reservoirs. Obtaining average representative reservoir pressure during testing, establishing boundary dominated flow, or establishing constant drainage area in tight gas reservoirs is almost impossible in the early life of the project. Many studies 2–4 have been conducted to modify straight line material balance (P/z) analyses for the curved nonlinear behavior reservoir in order to estimate ultimate recoverable reserves. Quantitive interpretation of the curved lines does not reflect reservoir permeability heterogeneity and hydraulic fracture properties. For optimum well spacing, optimal drainage aspect ratio, and fracture design, numerous numerical and analytical models 5–9 for the elliptical flow were developed for tight gas sands. Due to very strong variation of low permeabilities and capillary forces in a very short space domain, initial water saturation distributions in gas bearing formation also change from typical 0.3 to 0.75 values. In tight gas reservoirs, well productivities are greatly impacted from water blocking due to strong capillary forces and condensate drop out in an elliptic flow region, even when the liquid drop out is less than 1%.
fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractA rapid and an effective reservoir simulation model was built based on limited information. 3D seismic impedance, two exploratory wells' log interpretation, a core data, and a well test consisting of an isochronal test and, several months later, an extended flow followed by long build up test were basic available data for this field. The main objective of this study is to estimate recoverable reserve with or without hydraulic fracturing in Mulichinco formation at the Paso Del Indio Field.Material balance and decline curve analyses have important limitations to estimate ultimate recoverable reserves in the tight gas reservoirs. Well types that are derived from the conceptual simulation models do not reflect the effective drainage area or permeability heterogeneity in the field. A representative permeability in well spacing area should be averaged harmonically or geometrically. In order to estimate the ultimate recoverable reserves in the tight gas reservoirs, permeability heterogeneity or the effective available drainage area to hydraulic fractures should be simulated effectively. Relatively small changes in permeability can results in unsuccessful fracture design and in uneconomical flow rates.A very quick and effective simple reservoir simulation model was established to estimate recoverable reserves rather than using conventional volumetric, material balance, and decline curve analysis in tight gas reservoirs. Not having any production histories, well test information was used very successfully as history matching information to validate the geological, petrophysical, and PVT models.
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