A 4-month-old 2.7-kg male Miniature Schnauzer was referred for evaluation of a heart murmur. On physical examination the dog was thin and was mildly dyspneic when handled. The respiratory rate was 45 breaths/min and the heart rate was 180 beats/min. The patient's mucous membranes were slightly pale with a normal capillary refill time. The jugular veins were distended but no abdominal enlargement was present. Thoracic auscultation revealed accentuated bronchovesicular sounds, and a grade V/VI pansystolic murmur with a point of maximal intensity at the left sternal border. A 6-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated a left anterior fascicular block pattern. Thoracic radiographs (Fig 1) revealed severe generalized cardiomegaly.The interatrial septum was not evident on the standard long-and short-axis right parasternal views during echocardiographic examination, suggesting a single atrial chamber (Fig 2). The septal leaflets of the atrioventricular valves inserted at the same level on the crest of the ventricular septum, and the motion of the mitral valve leaflets was abnormal. An echolucent space between the left atrium and the pericardium was interpreted to be a dilated coronary sinus (Fig 2). M-mode measurements revealed that the right ventricular internal diameter in diastole was 11 mm (reference range, 2-9 mm), 1 left ventricular internal diameter in diastole was 36.0 mm (reference range, 24.6 Ϯ 6.2 mm), 2 the left ventricular internal diameter in systole was 21.5 mm (reference range, 13.6 Ϯ 5.5 mm), 2 the left ventricular diastolic wall thickness was 7.4 mm (reference range, 5.0 Ϯ 2.1 mm), 2 the left ventricular systolic wall thickness was 11.4 mm (reference range, 7.2 Ϯ 1.7 mm), 2 the interventricular septal diastolic thickness was 9.1 mm (reference range, 5.8 Ϯ 2.1 mm), 2 the interventricular septal systolic thickness was 14.7 mm (reference range 9.8 Ϯ 2.6 mm), 2 E-point septal separation was 1.1 mm (normal Ͻ5-6 mm), 2 aortic root at end-diastole was 10.6 mm (reference range, 13.8 Ϯ 3.6 mm), 2 and shortening fraction was 40.4% (normal 28-44%). 2 Color-flow mapping and spectral Doppler echocardiography revealed mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonic regurgitation. The pulmonic blood flow velocities (pulsedwave Doppler echocardiography) recorded from right parasternal short-axis view were maximum peak systolic velocity 0.87 m/s (normal Յ 1.3 m/s) 3 and pulmonic regurgitation 1.8 m/s. The mitral valve flow velocities (pulsed-wave The direction of the shunting into the common atrial chamber could not be accurately determined because of the turbulent jets of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation and the atrial chamber inflow. After a right cephalic vein injection of 5 mL of 0.9% NaCl, bubbles were seen within the atrial chamber. When 5 mL of saline was injected into the left cephalic vein, bubbles were seen in the coronary sinus and then in the atrial chamber, suggesting a persistent left cranial vena cava. Results of a CBC and serum chemistry were within reference range.A tentative diagnosis of a common atrial chamber ...
No abstract
Se entiende por citodiagnostico el procedimiento para establecer la naturaleza de una lesion por el estudio de las celulas que la componen. Estas celulas se obtienen por puncion aspiradora con aguja, determinando asi que una cierta cantidad de ellas se desprendan o exfolien y pasen al lumen de la aguja, de donde son retiradas y estudiadas. De aqui que se denomine tambien a este procedimiento con el nombre de "citologia exfoliativa". Naturalmente que se pueden tambien obtener celulas exfoliadas de lesiones abiertas, sin necesidad de puncion.El citodiagnostico ha encontrado amplia difusion en medicina de adultos pero se le ha utilizado muy poco en clinica infantil.El objeto de este trabajo es exponer los resultados obtenidos por nosotros mediante el citodiagnostico en el diagnostico de las afecciones tumorales malignas del niho. TECNICAHemos practicado la puncion utilizando una jeringa.de 20 cc. con el objeto de poder efectuar una aspiracion vigorosa, y una aguja corriente de 1,2 mm. de diametro exterior y de 20 m. de largo. No hemos empleado trocares, ni los corrientes, ni los especiales, que se han recomendado.Preyia anestesia local con novocaina se introduce la aguja en la zona enferma y se aspira fuertemente. Habitualmente el material obtenido es muy escaso, y no alcanza a llegar hasta la jeringa misma. Se retira la aguja y el contenido que queda dentro de ella es expelido sobre uno o mas portaobjetos y cubierto con cubreobjeto. Se precede primero a examinar la preparacion al fresco, de preferencia por el metodo de contraste de fase. Luego se retira el cubre-objeto, se deja secar y se tine con el metodo de May-GrunwaldGiemsa. No hemos empleado las tinciones especiales que se han recomendado tales como las de Papanicolau u otras.Si bien es cierto que hemos recurrido sistematicamente a la observacion por contraste de fase, hemos obtenido poca information util de ella y nuestras conclusiones diagnosticas se han basado casi exclusivamente en el estudio de las celulas tenidas.El metodo es sencillo y rapido. Puede hacerse en pacientes del Consultorio Externo, sin preparacion previa de ellos, ni necesidad de hospitalizarlos, como es habitualmente el caso cuando se trata de efectuar una biopsia histologica, obtenida por metodo quirurgico. Dentro del plazo de una hora de tomada la muestra se puede evacuar el informe. CLASIFICACION CITOLOGICA DE LOS TUMOHES MALIGNOSSi bien se encuentran neoformaciones malignas en todos los tejidos y, por lo
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