International audienceIn this work we address the issue of sustainable cities by focusing on one of their verycentral components: daily mobility. Indeed, if cities can be interpreted as spatial organizationsallowing social interactions, the number of daily movements needed to reach this goal iscontinuously increasing. Therefore, improving urban accessibility merely results in increasingtraffic and its negative externalities (congestion, accidents, pollution, noise, etc.), while eventuallyreducing the quality of life of people in the city. This is why several urban-transport policies areimplemented in order to reduce individual mobility impacts while maintaining equitable access tothe city. This challenge is however non-trivial and therefore we propose to investigate this issuefrom the complex systems point of view. The real spatial-temporal urban accessibility of citizenscannot be approximated just by focusing on space and implies taking into account the space-timeactivity patterns of individuals, in a more dynamic way. Thus, given the importance of localinteractions in such a perspective, an agent based approach seems to be a relevant solution. Thiskind of individual based and “interactionist” approach allows us to explore the possible impactof individual behaviors on the overall dynamics of the city but also the possible impact of globalmeasures on individual behaviors. In this paper, we give an overview of the Miro Project andthen focus on the GaMiroD model design from real data analysis to model exploration tunedby transportation-oriented scenarios. Among them, we start with the the impact of a LEZ (LowEmission Zone) in the city center
Transit-oriented development (TOD) arouses a great deal of interest as the interaction between transport and land use becomes a key topic in regional and urban planning. Even though accessibility is a key driving factor, it is barely assessed with accuracy. In Europe, the scope of TOD effects is large. It strongly influences the development of regional transport. Regarding that, this research brings forward a method that is based on multiscale accessibility measures to evaluate TOD strategy in a metropolitan European region. Hence, it proposes a multiscale accessibility method. On one hand, it introduces the pedestrian accessibility indicators at the local scale. On the other hand, it tackles the schedule accessibility measures in a constraints-based approach at the regional scale. This method is implemented in assessing the potential of TOD strategy in Nord Pas-de-Calais (France). For that, two TOD scenarios are presented. The first one tackles the main metropolitan center but does not include downtown. The second one deals with a second-order peripheral pole. These scenarios present difficulties in gathering both an effective local TOD and a sustainable development policy at the regional scale. However, a TOD center can enhance the intermediate scale urban centrality when using intermediate schedule accessibility measures (for coaches and buses). Furthermore, the indicators about the rail transit system highlight an uncertainty in the regional effects, which can only be solved by applying a major and expensive policy. The final remarks pave the way for further research regarding a full-fledged regional TOD strategy that includes a wellordered dissemination of TOD centers.
Au sein des réflexions sur les découpages régionaux et intra-régionaux, cette proposition mobilise une analyse spatiotemporelle multiscalaire pour questionner la cohérence fonctionnelle de la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais et de ses bassins d'emploi (définition INSEE). L'objectif est ainsi de révéler, à plusieurs échelles, les fragmentations, les disparités, mais aussi les potentiels de fonctionnement générés par le transport collectif en Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Une modélisation horaire des réseaux de transport collectif permet une analyse fine de l'accessibilité en s'appuyant sur des indicateurs pertinents et en essayant de les adapter aux différentes échelles étudiées. Enfin, les résultats sont mis en perspective avec les principaux objectifs annoncés en matière de politique des transports dans la région.
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