The Portuguese health system concentrates most of its activity in a National Health Service, created in 1979 to promote universal and general access. The National Health Service should ensure equity, efficiency, and quality of all health care delivered services. This study assesses the impact of health care policies between 2002 and 2017, focusing on 3 timeframes: the adoption and adaptation of New Public Management principles to the health care sector (2002 to 2010), the economic and financial crisis period (2011-2015), and the postcrisis recovery period (2016-2017). The current study evaluates the main policy measures in the health sector, presenting their impacts in terms of access, efficiency, accountability, and costs over those 3 economic periods. It was verified that not all the measures implemented by the successive governments obtained the desired outcomes, generating even costs increase, apart from the austerity period in which health expenditure showed a significant reduction because of the financial constraints.

Background Excessive consumption of sugar has a well-established link with obesity. Preliminary results show that a tax levied on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) by the Portuguese government in 2017 led to a drop in sales and reformulation of these products. This study models the impact the market changes triggered by the tax levied on SSBs had on obesity incidence across various age groups in Portugal. Methods and findings We performed a national market analysis and population-wide modelling study using market data for the years 2014-2018 from the Portuguese Association of Non-Alcoholic Drinks (GlobalData and Nielsen Consumer Panel), dietary data from a national survey (IAN-AF 2015-2016), and obesity incidence data from several cohort studies. Dietary energy density from SSBs was calculated by dividing the energy content (kcal/gram) of all SSBs by the total food consumption (in grams). We used the potential impact fraction (PIF) equation to model

SummaryPortugal has one of the most complete public systems worldwide. Since 1979, the Portuguese National Health Service (NHS) was developed based on the integration and complementarity between different levels of care (primary, secondary, continued, and palliative care). However, in 2009, the absence of economic growth and the increased foreign debt led the country to a severe economic slowdown, reducing the public funding and weakening the decentralized model of health care administration. During the austerity period, political attention has focused primarily on reducing health care costs and consolidating the efficiency and sustainability with no structural reform. After the postcrisis period (since 2016), the recovery of the public health system begun. Since then, some proposals have required a reform of the health sector's governance structure based on the promotion of access, quality, and efficiency. This study presents several key issues involved in the current postcrisis reform of the Portuguese NHS response structure to citizens' needs. The article also discusses the implications of this Portuguese experience based on current reforms with impact on the future of citizens' health.

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The present study aims to analyse the efficiency scores of hospital units, with reference to the five Portuguese health administrative regions (North, Centre, Lisbon and Tagus Valley, Alentejo, and Algarve). This paper contextualizes the process of decentralization of health in Portugal (started 1993) as well as the hospitals' corporatization and merging reforms (started 2002). These reforms aimed to meet health care needs by optimizing costs, improving efficiency, and broadening both access and quality in health services. Data envelopment analysis was used to quantify and compare the efficiencies of 27 hospitals heterogeneously distributed by five administrative regions. The results show a large average performance across the country. However, there are regions with scores larger than the national average and others with inferior results. This interregional diversity points towards disparities that deserve special attention from the policymakers and hospital managers.

Several studies have identified Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels (FoPLs) as a promising strategy to improve the nutritional quality of consumers’ food choices and encourage manufacturers to offer healthier products. This study aims to fill the evidence gap regarding the most effective FoPL among the Portuguese population. In total, 1059 Portuguese participants were recruited through a web panel provider and asked to declare their intended food choices and to rank three sets of products (pizza, cakes and breakfast cereals) according to their nutritional quality, first in the absence of any labelling, and then with a FoPL displayed on-pack (five FoPLs tested). Finally, participants were asked to answer nine statements related to perceptions of FoPLs. Results showed that participants improved their food choices, depending on the FoPL and the food category. All FoPLs led to a higher percentage of correct responses on the ranking task compared to the no label condition. The Nutri-Score was among the FoPLs producing the greatest improvement across all food categories compared to the reference intakes (OR = 6.45 [4.43–9.39], p-value < 0.0001) and facilitating the highest percentage to correctly rank products according to nutritional quality. This study suggests that, among the available options, Nutri-Score is the most efficient FoPL to inform Portuguese consumers of the nutritional quality of foods and help them identify healthier options in mock purchasing situations.

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