Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronically relapsing disorder, characterized by a shift from casual to compulsive intake of alcohol that is driven by changes in multiple regions throughout the brain. Animal models, long recognized for their utility in elucidating the biological underpinnings of human diseases, have enabled key advances in our understanding of the risk, development, and treatment of AUD. Here, we provide an overview of animal models used in the study of AUD, including both voluntary consumption and forced exposure models that reflect the range from casual drinking to alcohol dependence. We also review recent updates in the neurobiology across stages of AUD using these models, which have elucidated the profound changes in cellular physiology and molecular markers in key brain regions that are involved in regulation of reward seeking and emotions. Currently available pharmacotherapies as well as emerging treatments informed by the animal literature are also detailed.

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OBJECTIVEMalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive soft tissue sarcomas that harbor a high potential for metastasis and have a devastating prognosis. Combination chemoradiation aids in tumor control and decreases tumor recurrence but causes deleterious side effects and does not extend long-term survival. An effective treatment with limited toxicity and enhanced efficacy is critical for patients suffering from MPNSTs.METHODSThe authors recently identified that interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2) is overexpressed on MPNSTs and could serve as a precision-based target for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. In the work reported here, a recombinant fusion molecule consisting of a mutant human IL-13 targeting moiety and a point mutant variant of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (IL-13.E13 K-PE4E) was utilized to treat MPNST in vitro in cell culture and in an in vivo murine model.RESULTSIL-13.E13 K-PE4E had a potent cytotoxic effect on MPNST cells in vitro. Furthermore, intratumoral administration of IL-13.E13 K-PE4E to orthotopically implanted MPNSTs decreased tumor burden 6-fold and 11-fold in late-stage and early-stage MPNST models, respectively. IL-13.E13 K-PE4E treatment also increased survival by 23 days in the early-stage MPNST model.CONCLUSIONSThe current MPNST treatment paradigm consists of 3 prongs: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, none of which, either singly or in combination, are curative or extend survival to a clinically meaningful degree. The results presented here provide the possibility of intratumoral therapy with a potent and highly tumor-specific cytotoxin as a fourth treatment prong with the potential to yield improved outcomes in patients with MPNSTs.

Glioblastoma is a devastating malignancy with a dismal survival rate. Currently, there are limited prognostic markers of glioblastoma including IDH1, ATRX, MGMT, PTEN, EGFRvIII, and others. Although these biomarkers for tumor prognosis are available, a surgical biopsy must be performed for these analyses, which has morbidity involved. A non-invasive and readily available biomarker is sought after which provides clinicians prognostic information. Sodium is an electrolyte that is easily and quickly obtained through analysis of a patient's serum. Hyponatremia has been shown to have a predictive and negative prognostic indication in multiple cancer types, but the role of glioblastoma patients' serum sodium at the time of diagnosis in predicting glioblastoma patient survival has not been determined. We assessed whether hyponatremia at the time of glioblastoma diagnosis correlates to patient survival and show that in our cohort of 200 glioblastoma patients, sodium, at any level, did not significantly correlate to glioblastoma survival, unlike what is seen in multiple other cancer types. We further demonstrate that inducing hyponatremia in an orthotopic murine model of glioblastoma has no effects on tumor progression and survival.

Introduction Global surgery is a growing movement worldwide, but its expansion has not been quantified. Google Search is the most popular search engine worldwide, and Google Trends analyzes its queries to determine popularity trends. We used Google Trends to analyze the regional and temporal popularity of global surgery (GS). Furthermore, we compared GS with global health (GH) to understand if the two were correlated. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study examining Google Trends of GS and GH. We searched the terms “global surgery” and “global health” on Google Trends (Google Inc., CA, USA) from January 2004 to May 2021. We identified time trends and compared the two search terms using SPSS v26 (IBM, WA, USA) to run summary descriptive analyses and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results The ten countries most interested in GS were India (5.0%), the United Kingdom (5.0%), Ireland (4.0%), the United States (4.0%), Australia (3.0%), Canada (3.0%), New Zealand (3.0%), Germany (2.0%), South Africa (2.0%), and Nigeria (1.0%). GS became more popular after 2015 (2.3% vs. 1.3%, P < 0.001) and was consistently less popular than GH (1.6% vs. 45.3%, P = 0.04). The difference between GS and GH interest levels increased after 2015 (45.4% vs. 42.9%, P = 0.04). Conclusion GS is less popular than GH, more popular in high-income countries, and has become more popular after 2015 when the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery published its seminal report. The World Health Organization passed resolution WHA 68.15. Future advocacy efforts should target low- and middle-income countries primarily.

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