The present energy use structure in the Brazilian industrial sector is a consequence of its historical context within the Brazilian energy sector. This historical background helps to explain some characteristics, like the intensive use of electricity in heating processes, the electrothermia, that lasts until today. The current natural gas production scenario in Brazil is promising, considering the Pre-Salt production, which signals an opportunity to apply this natural resource to final energy uses with higher value, such as final energy for industry. In this context was structured this dissertation, comprising a data analysis technique development and its application to evaluate the insertion of natural gas in the Brazilian industrial sector and its impacts. The developed data analysis technique is constituted by the assessment of four indicators: Additional Demand (DA); Impact on Primary Energy (IEP); Impact on Carbon Emissions (IEC) and Impact on Energy Cost (ICE). In the results obtained, the Non-Ferrous Metals Sector was more prominent as it presented the greater additional demand for natural gas and the largest reductions in primary energy demand, CO2 emissions and energy costs. Other sectors that stood out were the Iron and Steel Sector and the Food and Beverages Sector. Considering 2013 as the base year, the additional demand for natural gas resulting from the substitution of fuel oil and electricity in heating processes would represent a 37% to 42% increase in the demand for natural gas in the Brazilian industrial sector, equivalent to 12% to 14% of Brazil's domestic natural gas supply, or 35% to 40% of Gasbol's maximum capacity. The impact on primary energy would represent a reduction of 1% to 2% of the primary energy demand of the Brazilian industrial sector. The impact on CO2 emissions would represent a reduction of 4% to 5% of the CO2 emissions associated to energy use of the Brazilian industrial sector. The impact on energy cost would represent a reduction of 2% to 4% of the energy costs associated with electricity and fuel oil of the Brazilian industrial sector. Thus, it is considered that there is an opportunity for the insertion of natural gas in the Brazilian industrial sector resulting from the substitution of fuel oil and electricity by natural gas in thermal processes. Overall, the substitution impacts reduce primary energy demand, CO2 emissions and energy costs. However, this is an energy-saving initiative through energy substitution, being necessary to further promote energy efficiency, for all end uses and types of final energy in use, to multiply the impacts in terms of reducing energy consumption and mitigating emissions, two important elements in the current debate on combating climate change.
Combining greenhouse gas accounting and energy performance indicators to improve energy-related carbon emissions reporting. / Alexandre de Barros Gallo; orientador: Edmilson Moutinho dos Santos. -São Paulo, 2023. 256 f.: il; 30 cm.
The transition from fossil fuels to more sustainable sources of energy has become a topical issue that is likely to remain in the front burner of stakeholders as governments and businesses gradually move towards low-carbon economies. This move has been partly accelerated by the need to combat climate change and greenhouse gases (GHG). The move towards more sustainable energy sources has led to an upsurge in the number of international mechanisms such as the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change (COP 15) (and a plethora of regional and domestic initiatives). Regulations and standardisation have been identified as strategic tools that can play critical roles in the drive towards energy transition. Regulation in this context refers to laws or other form of instruments with legal backing and having cohesiveness, while Standardisation entails the voluntary process of developing technical specifications based on consensus among stakeholders. The focus of this paper is how these two strategic tools interact and how they can be used to, enhance creativity, and further accelerate the drive towards energy transition and therefore more sustainable sources of energy.
Among the main opportunities reviewed and highlighted within the industry’s value chain, the upstream sector stands out and includes exploration and production activities for oil and natural gas, subdividing into key areas that concentrate a high demand for energy and, consequently, a relevant portion of emissions. A review and discussion about the FPSOs ships can be justified by market factors since ships currently comprise the main global offshore oil production systems. Among the highlights in the scope of emissions, the activity indexes are mainly composed of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), in addition to containing minimum levels of nitrous oxide (N2O). Whereas for emissions — which can occur either by combustion or by leakage or treatment processes — are divided and presented into four groups: Power generation (68% CO2 and 7% CH4), flaring (26% CO2 and 18% CH4), unintentional fugitives sources (0.02% CO2 and 22% CH4) and chemical ventilation (6% CO2 and 53% CH4). Although it still presents difficulties in operational implementation, the promotion of research and policies on the emission of greenhouse gases in the oil industry can help and enable the construction of a more secure, sustainable, and integrated energy future.
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