Results agree with previous work showing that Cioclovina exhibits fully modern cranial morphology.
Previous research found sexual dimorphism in the bony labyrinth of a Greek population sample (Osipov et al. 2013). This study intends to investigate the nature of this structure’s sexual dimorphism across populations of diverse geographic origin and to identify the effect of inter-population variation on the accuracy of determining sex using the bony labyrinth. Three population samples of known sex were analyzed originating from Europe (n = 30), Africa (n = 38), and North America (n = 30). The discriminant function developed in Osipov et al. (2013) was applied, and new function equations for sex estimation were developed. In addition, we used principal component analyses for investigating population differences, while bivariate tests were used to compare across population samples, sexes, and anatomical sides. A significant level of sexual dimorphism was found in all population samples, being driven by both size and shape differences. Discriminant functions for sex estimation were developed for all three population samples combined (71.4% accuracy) as well as separately (70–80% accuracy). The German sample was the least sexually dimorphic, whereas the North American sample exhibited the greatest sexual dimorphism. The size and shape of the bony labyrinth also significantly differed across population samples. The bony labyrinth is found to be sexually dimorphic across distinct population groups. Due to significant differences across our population samples, the accuracy of the previously proposed method for sex determination (Osipov et al., 2013) was relatively low. For this purpose, this study presented new functions, whose accuracy was tested in three distinct population samples.
The ratio of the Larmor frequencies of 43Ca and 37C1 has been measured and a magnetic moment for 43Ca of ^(43Ca2+ in D20) = -1.315645 (7) /uy; has been calculated. 43Ca chemi cal shifts have been determined in aqueous calcium salt solu tions with 43Ca in natural abundance, also at low concentra tions. The latter result is interesting for 43Ca studies in bio logical systems. Introduction 43Ca, the only stable Calcium isotope which can be studied by the NMR-method, has a natural abundance of 0.129%. Therefore there exist no 43Ca NMR studies in natural abundance, although 43Ca is an interesting element in biological systems. A few studies in this area were done by Bryant1 with enriched material.Jeffries2 has determined the nuclear magnetic moment of 43Ca, ju(43Ca) = -1.3152 (2) jUy by measuring the ratio of the Larmor frequencies of 43Ca and 2H in an aqueous solution of CaBr2 en riched to 68 percent 43Ca, with a paramagnetic cata lyst. With the optical pumping method, Olschewski 3 determined the nuclear magnetic moment on free 43Ca-atoms; the value is ja (43Ca) = -1 .3 1 5 37(60) juN .
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