Neutral free-base and metallo-porphyrins have been successfully used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and solar cells. [1][2][3][4][5] This field is mainly driven by their ease of modification to enhance light-harvesting and photoluminescence (PL) properties based on an efficient energy and/or electron transfer process from moieties attached at the periphery to the porphyrin core.This feature of dyad-like porphyrins is of utmost relevance for lighting schemes, since it could open a new avenue to decouple charge transport and emission processes by only using one active compound. This is more critical in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) than in OLEDs, in which the charge transport is not performed by the emitter, but by a multilayered device architecture. 6,7 In LECs, the presence of mobile ions in the active singlelayer assists the charge injection process, while the charge transport, electron-hole recombination, and emission processes occur via the emitter. 8-10 Thus, to define clear guidelines to design LEC materials that are intrinsically able to decouple charge transport and emission is a challenge in the field. 8-10As an alternative, the host-guest approach by (i) using OLED-host materials doped with ionic liquids, 11 (ii) mixtures of iTMCs, 12-14 and (iii) using ionic-based small-molecule charge transporters, 15 has been explored in LECs to date. All these approaches show the typical problem of the host-guest strategy, that is, to determine the optimum doping level and effective doping range, which are typically very low and narrow, respectively. Here, a low doping level causes an inefficient energy transfer (ET) from the host to the guest, resulting in a poor color purity and device performance, while a high concentration of the guest leads to the a strong self-quenching of its emission and a prominent phase separation in thin films. The latter are paramount in determining the overall device performance. Herein, we report on a new concept to decouple charge transport and emission in small-molecule LECs by using only one active compound mixed with an ionic electrolyte. To this end, we took advantage of our mature experience in the synthesis of BODIPYporphyrin dyads and their implementation in solar cells [16][17][18][19] to further expand their application to lighting schemes, in which the above-mentioned drawbacks of the host-guest approach are circumvented. In detail, two BODIPY-porphyrin dyads have been designed -Scheme 1. On one hand, these dyads fulfill all of the key requirements, such as (i) the energy alignment of the electronic levels between the BODIPY and the porphyrin evokes in a chargeScheme 1 Synthesis of BODIPY-porphyrin dyads 1 and 2.

Ketanserin but not propranolol had a fully sedative profile and may confound pupillometric assessment of EDS. Beta adrenergic receptors do not appear to participate in arousal and pupillary functions, while 5HT1a receptors reduce pupil size without affecting arousal. Pupil size may not be used unequivocally as an index of the level of alertness in the case of drug-induced changes, when drugs interfere with the central pupil control mechanism in ways that are unrelated to their effects on arousal.

These effects of modafinil are best explained via an activation of the hypoxia-sensitive nucleus locus coeruleus. The 5-min pupillary alertness test has promising predictive validity, and it holds promise as a fast and sensitive method for the objective assessment of excessive daytime sleepiness, monitoring of disease progression, and response to treatment.

SUMMARY Alexithymia refers to dysregulation of affect characterized by difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by increased medical ⁄ psychiatric comorbidity and possibly by affect dysregulation. In the present case-control study, we examined alexithymia levels with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) in 23 psychiatrically uncomplicated OSA outpatients and 23 same gender controls one-to-one matched for age, education and subjective depressive symptomatology. General health ⁄ quality of life was assessed with the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) in the patient group. Hierarchical multivariate regression models were used to evaluate the association of alexithymia with the presence of OSA, and clinical and polysomnographic parameters of this condition. TAS-20 total and subscale scores were associated positively with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-21 and negatively with SF-36 scores. After adjusting for all confounders, OSA was positively associated with total TAS-20 score, Ôexpressing feelingsÕ and Ôexternally oriented thinkingÕ subscales. The latter was associated with increased sleepiness and reduced blood oxygenation in the OSA group. Finally, Ôdifficulty describing feelingsÕ and Ôexternally oriented thinkingÕ significantly predicted risk for OSA. Alexithymia is higher in nonpsychiatrically ill patients with OSA compared with carefully matched controls even after adjustment for subjective depressive symptoms and demographic confounders. Total alexithymia is associated with greater subjective depression and poor general health ⁄ quality of life, while Ôexternally oriented thinkingÕ is associated with disease severity and together with Ôdifficulty describing feelingsÕ may be vulnerability factors for OSA, although reverse causality cannot be excluded.

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