The ERG6 gene encodes an S-adenosylmethionine dependent sterol C-24 methyltransferase in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. In this work we report the results of functional analysis of the Kluyveromyces lactis ERG6 gene. We cloned the KlERG6 gene, which was able to complement the erg6Δ mutation in both K. lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The lack of ergosterol in the Klerg6 deletion mutant was accompanied by increased expression of genes encoding the last steps of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway as well as the KlPDR5 gene encoding an ABC transporter. The Klerg6Δ mutation resulted in reduced cell susceptibility to amphotericin B, nystatin and pimaricin and increased susceptibility to azole antifungals, fluphenazine, terbinafine, brefeldin A and caffeine. The susceptibility phenotype was suppressed by the KlPDR16 gene encoding one of the phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins belonging to the Sec14 family. Decreased activity of KlPdr5p in Klerg6Δ mutant (measured as the ability to efflux rhodamine 6G) together with increased amount of KlPDR5 mRNA suggest that the zymosterol which accumulates in the Klerg6Δ mutant may not fully compensate for ergosterol in the membrane targeting of efflux pumps. These results point to the fact that defects in sterol transmethylation appear to cause a multitude of physiological effects in K. lactis cells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhodamine 6G is a highly fluorescent dye often used to determine the transport activity of yeast membrane efflux pumps. The ATP-binding cassette transporter KlPdr5p confers resistance to several unrelated drugs in Kluyveromyces lactis. KlPdr5p also extrudes rhodamine 6G (R6G) from intact yeast cells in an energy-dependent manner. Incubation of yeast cells in the presence of 2-deoxy-Dglucose (inhibitor of glycolysis) and R6G (mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor) leads to marked depletion of intracellular ATP pool (Kolaczkowski et al., 1996). An active KlPdr5p mediated extrusion of R6G from intact yeast cells can be followed by direct measurement of the fluorescence of extruded R6G in the assay buffer.
Sterols are essential lipids of most eukaryotic cells with multiple functions (structural, regulatory and developmental). Sterol profile of yeast cells is often determined during the studies of ergosterol synthesis mutants used to uncover a number of functions for various sterols in yeast cells.Molecular studies of ergosterol biosynthesis have been also employed to identify essential steps in the pathway against which antifungals might be developed. We present here a protocol for the isolation of non-saponifiable lipids (sterols) from Kluyveromyces lactis yeast cells and a chromatographic method for quantitative analysis of sterols in lipid extracts (HPLC) that can be performed in laboratories with standard equipment.
The overexpression of efflux pumps is an important mechanism leading to the development of multidrug resistance phenomenon. The transcription factor KlPdr1p, belonging to the Zn 2 Cys 6 family, is a central regulator of efflux pump expression in Kluyveromyces lactis. To better understand how KlPDR1-mediated drug resistance is achieved in K. lactis, we used DNA microarrays to identify genes whose expression was affected by deletion or overexpression of the KlPDR1 gene. Eighty-nine targets of the KlPDR1 were identified. From those the transcription of 16 genes was induced in the transformant overexpressing KlPDR1* and simultaneously repressed in the Klpdr1∆ deletion mutant. Almost all of these genes contain putative binding motifs for the AP-1 like transcription factors in their promoters. Furthermore, we studied the possible interplay between KlPdr1p and KlYap1p transcription factors. Our results show that KlYap1p does not significantly contribute to the regulation of the KlPDR1 gene expression in the presence of azoles. However, KlPDR1 expression markedly increased in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and hinged upon the presence of KlYap1p. Our results show that although both KlPdr1p and KlYap1p transcription factors are involved in the control of K. lactis multidrug resistance further studies will be needed to determine their interplay .
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.