The mechanism of aerobic oxidation of aromatic and alkyl aromatic compounds using anthracene and xanthene, respectively, as a model compound was investigated using a phosphovanadomolybdate polyoxometalate, H(5)PV(2)Mo(10)O(40), as catalyst under mild, liquid-phase conditions. The polyoxometalate is a soluble analogue of insoluble mixed-metal oxides often used for high-temperature gas-phase heterogeneous oxidation which proceed by a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. The general purpose of the present investigation was to prove that a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism is possible also in liquid-phase, homogeneous oxidation reactions. First, the oxygen transfer from H(5)PV(2)Mo(10)O(40) to the hydrocarbons was studied using various techniques to show that commonly observed liquid-phase oxidation mechanisms, autoxidation, and oxidative nucleophilic substitution were not occurring in this case. Techniques used included (a) use of (18)O-labeled molecular oxygen, polyoxometalate, and water; (b) carrying out reactions under anaerobic conditions; (c) performing the reaction with an alternative nucleophile (acetate) or under anhydrous conditions; and (d) determination of the reaction stoichiometry. All of the experiments pointed against autoxidation and oxidative nucleophilic substitution and toward a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. Second, the mode of activation of the hydrocarbon was determined to be by electron transfer, as opposed to hydrogen atom transfer from the hydrocarbon to the polyoxometalate. Kinetic studies showed that an outer-sphere electron transfer was probable with formation of a donor-acceptor complex. Further studies enabled the isolation and observation of intermediates by ESR and NMR spectroscopy. For anthracene, the immediate result of electron transfer, that is formation of an anthracene radical cation and reduced polyoxometalate, was observed by ESR spectroscopy. The ESR spectrum, together with kinetics experiments, including kinetic isotope experiments and (1)H NMR, support a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism in which the rate-determining step is the oxygen-transfer reaction between the polyoxometalate and the intermediate radical cation. Anthraquinone is the only observable reaction product. For xanthene, the radical cation could not be observed. Instead, the initial radical cation undergoes fast additional proton and electron transfer (or hydrogen atom transfer) to yield a stable benzylic cation observable by (1)H NMR. Again, kinetics experiments support the notion of an oxygen-transfer rate-determining step between the xanthenyl cation and the polyoxometalate, with formation of xanthen-9-one as the only product. Schemes summarizing the proposed reaction mechanisms are presented.
The polyoxometalates substituted with noble metals, Pd(II), Pt(II) and Ru(IH), KnftWZnPdSf^OhKZnW^^}' 38H20, Ki2{[WZnPtn2(H20)2](ZnW9034)2}-36H20, and Nan{[WZnRunl2(0H)(H20)](ZnW9034)2}-42H20, were prepared by exchange of labile zinc atoms with noble metal atoms from the isostructural starting material, Nai2-{[WZn3(H20)2](ZnW9034)2]},46H20. The X-ray crystal structure of the ruthenium compound shows a structure compatible with a sandwich-type structure type with a WRuZnRu (Ru and W, Zn at opposing sides) ring between two B-XW9O34 units. Magnetic susceptibility studies as a function of temperature provide convincing evidence of two ruthenium (III) centers with no magnetic interaction between them. The EPR spectrum is supportive of this formulation showing an anisotropic spectrum of a ruthenium (III) atom (5 = '/2) in an octahedral field. The IR and UV-vis spectra of the ruthenium compound as well as of the diamagnetic palladium and platinum compounds are consistent with an isostructural series of compounds. The water soluble polyoxometalates may be extracted into an organic phase e.g. 1,2-dichloroethane by the addition of methyltricaprylammonium chloride to form their quaternary ammonium salts. The catalytic activity of these compounds was tested for the oxidation of alkenes and alkanes using aqueous 30% hydrogen peroxide and 70% fert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidants. The alkene oxidation proceeded in high reactivity and moderate selectivity to the epoxide product using 30% H202. Kinetic profiles as well as UV-vis and IR spectra before, during and after the reaction indicate that the catalysts are stable throughout the reaction. Formation of epoxides rather than ketonization in the reaction of terminal alkenes as well as low reactivity with iodosobenzene indicates that the reaction is tungsten centered and not noble metal centered. Oxidation of alkenes with ferf-butyl hydroperoxide gave mostly allylic oxidation and/ or addition of tert-butyl alcohol to the double bond. Oxidation of cyclic alkanes such as cyclohexane and adamantane was successful with rerf-butyl hydroperoxide with catalytic activity 10 times higher than previously found for transition metal substituted Keggin compounds. Ratios of hydroxylation of adamantane at tertiary vs secondary positions indicates different active species in the palladium-, platinum-, and ruthenium substitutedpolyoxometalates.
The history of aerobic catalytic oxidation mediated by a subclass of polyoxometalates, the phosphovanadomolybdates of the Keggin structure, [PV(x)Mo(12-x)O40](3+x)-, is described. In the earlier research it was shown that phosphovanadomolybdates catalyze oxydehydrogenation reactions through an electron-transfer oxidation of a substrate by the polyoxometalate that is then reoxidized by oxygen. These aerobic oxidations are selective and synthetically useful in various transformations, notably diene aromatization, phenol dimerization and alcohol oxidation. Oxygen transfer from the polyoxometalate to arenes and alkylarenes was also discussed as a homogeneous analog of a Mars-van Krevelen oxidation. "Second generation" catalysts include binary complexes of the polyoxometalate and a organometallic compound useful, for example, for methane oxidation and nanoparticles stabilized by polyoxometalates effective for aerobic alkene epoxidation.
A polyoxometalate of the Keggin structure substituted with Ru(III), (6)Q(5)[Ru(III)(H(2)O)SiW(11)O(39)] in which (6)Q=(C(6)H(13))(4)N(+), catalyzed the photoreduction of CO(2) to CO with tertiary amines, preferentially Et(3)N, as reducing agents. A study of the coordination of CO(2) to (6)Q(5)[Ru(III)(H(2)O)SiW(11)O(39)] showed that 1) upon addition of CO(2) the UV/Vis spectrum changed, 2) a rhombic signal was obtained in the EPR spectrum (g(x)=2.146, g(y)=2.100, and g(z)=1.935), and 3) the (13)C NMR spectrum had a broadened peak of bound CO(2) at 105.78 ppm (Delta(1/2)=122 Hz). It was concluded that CO(2) coordinates to the Ru(III) active site in both the presence and absence of Et(3)N to yield (6)Q(5)[Ru(III)(CO(2))SiW(11)O(39)]. Electrochemical measurements showed the reduction of Ru(III) to Ru(II) in (6)Q(5)[Ru(III)(CO(2))SiW(11)O(39)] at -0.31 V versus SCE, but no such reduction was observed for (6)Q(5)[Ru(III)(H(2)O)SiW(11)O(39)]. DFT-calculated geometries optimized at the M06/PC1//PBE/AUG-PC1//PBE/PC1-DF level of theory showed that CO(2) is preferably coordinated in a side-on manner to Ru(III) in the polyoxometalate through formation of a Ru-O bond, further stabilized by the interaction of the electrophilic carbon atom of CO(2) to an oxygen atom of the polyoxometalate. The end-on CO(2) bonding to Ru(III) is energetically less favorable but CO(2) is considerably bent, thus favoring nucleophilic attack at the carbon atom and thereby stabilizing the carbon sp(2) hybridization state. Formation of a O(2)C-NMe(3) zwitterion, in turn, causes bending of CO(2) and enhances the carbon sp(2) hybridization. The synergetic effect of these two interactions stabilizes both Ru-O and C-N interactions and probably determines the promotional effect of an amine on the activation of CO(2) by [Ru(III)(H(2)O)SiW(11)O(39)](5-). Electronic structure analysis showed that the polyoxometalate takes part in the activation of both CO(2) and Et(3)N. A mechanistic pathway for photoreduction of CO(2) is suggested based on the experimental and computed results.
Primary alcohols such as 1-butanol were oxidized by the H5PV2Mo10O40 polyoxometalate in an atypical manner. Instead of C-H bond activation leading to the formation of butanal and butanoic acid, C-C bond cleavage took place leading to the formation of propanal and formaldehyde as initial products. The latter reacted with the excess 1-butanol present to yield butylformate and butylpropanate in additional oxidative transformations. Kinetic studies including measurement of kinetic isotope effects, labeling studies with 18O labeled H5PV2Mo10O40, and observation of a prerate determining step intermediate by 13C NMR leads to the formulation of a reaction mechanism based on electron transfer from the substrate to the polyoxometalate and oxygen transfer from the reduced polyoxometalate to the organic substrate. It was also shown that vicinal diols such as 1,2-ethanediol apparently react by a similar reaction mechanism.
The oxygenation of sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides catalyzed by H(5)PV(2)Mo(10)O(40) and other acidic vanadomolybdates has been shown to proceed by a low-temperature electron transfer-oxygen transfer (ET-OT) mechanism. First, a sulfide reacts with H(5)PV(2)Mo(10)O(40) to yield a cation radical-reduced polyoxometalate ion pair, R(2)(+*),H(5)PV(IV)V(V)Mo(10)O(40), that was identified by UV-vis spectroscopy (absorptions at 650 and 887 nm for PhSMe(+*) and H(5)PV(IV)V(V)Mo(10)O(40)) and EPR spectroscopy (quintet at g = 2.0079, A = 1.34 G for the thianthrene cation radical and the typical eight-line spectrum for V(IV)). Next, a precipitate is formed that shows by IR the incipient formation of the sulfoxide and by EPR a VO(2+) moiety supported on the polyoxometalate. Dissolution of this precipitate releases the sulfoxide product. ET-OT oxidation of diethylsulfide yielded crystals containing [V(O)(OSEt(2))(x)(solv)(5-x)](2+) cations and polyoxometalate anions. Under aerobic conditions, catalytic cycles can be realized with formation of mostly sulfoxide (90%) but also some disulfide (10%) via carbon-sulfide bond cleavage.
than the fluorine atoms because of its partial double-bond character: the apical position of a pentagonal pyramid is well suited for such particularly large ligands; the nonbonding electron pair can occupy the [runs apical position. In contrast to the central atom in BrF; and XeFi-,['2.131 the xenon atom in XeOF; is coordinatively unsaturated. It forms intermolecular Xe-F contacts (278.4 and 298.5 pm) with two fluorine atoms of adjacent anions. This additional coordination still leaves enough space for the nonbonding lone pair. On the other hand, these intermolecular interactions are comparatively weak and have no strong structure-determining influence. We had not previously found a suitable solvent for high-resolution N M R measurements of N0'XeOF.L. NO'XeOF; dissolves in acetonitrile; in the '"F NMR spectrum at -40°C a broad signal (600 Hz) is observed at A = 141 ; this is explained by an intermolecular fluorine exchange E.xprrinirnttr1 Procedure XeOF, i i i i d NUF ( i i i the approximate ratio 1 : I ) were condensed under vacuum (staiiilcss steel v:icuum apparatus) into a perfluoroethene-propene (Teflon-FEP) tubc. which wii\ then scaled The liquid phase solidified slightly below room temperiiturc to hi-in Izirge crystals that were partly formed by sublimation a s well. Crystal sti-uctiirc an;ilysis. A suitable crystal with dimensions 0.4 x 0.4 x 0.4 mm was mounted a t IOM teiiiperature ( T = -153 'C) on an Enraf-Nonius C A D 4 diffrdcpacegn)iipP2,:n(no. 14),0 = 669.8(1).h= 551.0(1),~=1425.1(?)pm. 1) I ' = 515.9(1) pni3. Z = 4, 211max = 90'. Mo,,, 71.069 pm. (u scan. 4275 mcasured rcllcctions of which 4169 were independent and 4150 used. Lorentz pc~I~tri/iition coi-rection. Difabs absorption correction [14]. p = 68.3 m m -' , min.: may. correction 0 73'1 .lo, structure solved with the program SHELXS-86 [IS]. striicturc refiiicmcnt with SHELXL-93 [16]. 83 parameters, R, = 0.0296. wR, = 0 0806. extinction coefficient 0.01 14(9). residual electron density 1.7 c x 10" pm ' (80 pin from xenon atom). Further details ofthe crystal structure tioii mLi) be obtained from the Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe. ~ggcii\triii-Leopoldshafen (Germany) o n quoting the depository number Received. March 15. 1995 [Z7798IE] German version: Angriv. Chern. 1995, 107. 1772-1773 CS Di R Y W Keywords: fluorine compounds-xenon compounds [I] J 1. ?ii;irtiiis. E B. Wilson, Jr.. J. ;%'id Spuctr. 1968, 26, 410-411: J. Chiwi. Phi,.\. 1964. 41, 570 571 ; E. J. Jacob, H. B. Thompson. L. S. Bartell, J. Mol. Str/i<.r. 1971. , A! . 3x3 -394.
This study uses density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the reactivity of the putative high-valent iron-oxo reagent of the iron-substituted polyoxometalate (POM-FeO4-), derived from the Keggin species, PW12O40(3-). It is shown that POM-FeO4- is in principle capable of C-H hydroxylation and C=C epoxidation and that it should be a powerful oxidant, even more so than the Compound I species of cytochrome P450. The calculations indicate that in a solvent, the barriers, and especially those for epoxidation, become sufficiently small that one may expect an extremely fast reaction. An experimental investigation (by R.N. and A.M.K.) shows, however, that the formation of POM-FeO4- using the oxygen donor, F5PhI-O, leads to a persistent adduct, POM-FeO-I-PhF5(4-), which does not decompose to POM-FeO4- + F5Ph-I at the working temperature and exhibits sluggish reactivity, in accord with previous experimental results (Hill, C. L.; Brown, R. B., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 536 and Mansuy, D.; Bartoli, J.-F.; Battioni, P.; Lyon, D. K.; Finke, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7222). Subsequent calculations indeed reveal that the gas-phase binding energy of F5PhI to POM-FeO4- is high (ca. 20 kcal/mol) compared to the corresponding binding energy of propene (ca. 2-3 kcal/mol). As such, the POM-FeO-I-PhF5(4-) complex is expected to be persistent toward the displacement of F5PhI by a substrate like propene, leading thereby to sluggish oxidative reactivity. According to theory, overcoming this technical difficulty may turn out to be very rewarding. The question is, can POM-FeO4- be made?
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