Molybdenum tris-[1,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)ethane-1,2-dithiolene] (Mo(tfd) 3 ) is investigated as a p-dopant for organic semiconductors. With an electron affinity of 5.6 eV, Mo(tfd) 3 is a strong oxidizing agent suitable for the oxidation of several hole transport materials (HTMs). Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy confirms p-doping of the standard HTM N,. Strong enhancement of hole injection at R-NPD/Au interfaces is achieved via doping-induced formation of a narrow depletion region in the organic semiconductor. Variable-temperature current-voltage measurements on R-NPD: Mo(tfd) 3 (0-3.8 mol %) yield an activation energy for polaron transport that decreases with increasing doping concentration, which is consistent with the effect of the doping-induced filling of traps on hopping transport. Good stability of Mo(tfd) 3 versus diffusion in the R-NPD host matrix is demonstrated by Rutherford backscattering for temperatures up to 110°C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to obtain geometries and electronic structures of isolated neutral and anionic Mo(tfd) 3 molecules.
The stability of the vertebral column depends upon the integrity of the bones, ligaments, and joints. The vertebral column can be divided into three distinct anatomic zones: anterior, middle, and posterior. Disruption of any single zone does not produce instability. Disruption of two contiguous zones will, however, significantly decrease the load-carrying capability of the spine and result in instability. Five radiographic signs indicative of vertebral instability have been identified: (1) displacement implies injury to major ligamentous and articular structures; (2) a wide interlaminar space implies injury to the posterior ligamentous structures and the facet joints; (3) wide facet joints imply injury to the posterior ligamentous structures; (4) a disrupted posterior vertebral body line implies burst injury with disruption of anterior bony and posterior ligamentous structures; (5) a wide vertebral canal implies injury to the entire vertebra in the sagittal plane. Each of these signs indicates disruption of a major skeletal, ligamentous, or articular structure and the presence of only one is sufficient to establish a diagnosis of instability. These conclusions are based upon a study of 138 injuries observed in 125 patients.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.