This study provides an alternative perspective to the use of Subutex within prison settings, when compared with results from previous quantitative studies reported. The study also highlights inconsistencies drawn from studies in this area, which may be an artefact of study design. It is recommended that further qualitative studies be conducted to explore further this alternative perspective. Finally, the issue of methodological approach taken should be addressed within the context of a related, but independent, research forum.
: A process has been developed for the oxidation of 4-t-butyltoluene to 4-t-butylbenzaldehyde via an indirect route involving the formation of either 4-tbutylbenzyl bromide or 4-t-butylbenzal bromide. The organic bromides were formed using a photolytic route in the absence of solvent. The broHBr/H 2 O 2 mination steps were found to be highly efficient in that all the substrate could be converted, consuming all the hydrogen peroxide at this stage of the reaction. Partial hydrolysis (up to 50%) of the benzyl bromide to the aldehyde was achieved employing the Sommelet route using hexamethylenetetramine. However, up to 58% aldehyde yield could be a †orded from the benzal bromide using a suitable phase transfer agent and a small amount of co-solvent. In both cases, the extent of over-oxidation to 4-t-butylbenzoic acid was reduced by careful control of the bromination step and eliminating dioxygen from the reactor.
The aim of the study is to determine if pit lakes are a sustainable coal mine closure option in South African. The water balance, chemistry, limnology, and bacterial population of three selected pit lakes were investigated. The lakes are in the three major coal basins of South Africa and are associated with different lithologies and mining methods. The major factors driving the water balance of the pit lakes are direct rainfall, runoff, inflow from old mine workings, and groundwater infiltration, with the major losses being evaporation or discharge onto surface. The study indicated that pit lakes can be designed as 'terminal sinks' to provide a sustainable mine closure option. The pit lakes sampled have an alkaline pH, and mostly a sodium/calcium sulphate water with total dissolved solids content of less than 3000 mg/l. The phytoplankton and microbiological data indicates that the pit lakes support aquatic life. The study shows that correctly designed pit lakes can be an environmentally sustainable closure option for South Africa's coal mines. A suggested design manual has been developed to assist mine owners and regulators in developing sustainable coal mine pit lakes as a closure option.
At 100 "C in toluene, cis-2'-trifluoromethylspiro [acenaphthene-1,7'-norcaradiene]-2-0ne (1 ; X = CF,) interconverts with its 3'-trifluoromethyl-~ubstituted isomer (2; X = CF,), this being the first directly observed example of a degenerate ring-walk rearrangement for a norcaradiene with a spiro-ring system attached a t C-7.
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