Three well-matched groups of non-surgical, pharmacologically controlled epileptic patients with unilateral seizure foci in either the left temporal lobe, the right temporal lobe or a frontal lobe, and a normal control group were compared on several verbal and non-verbal memory tasks. Results revealed significant impairment of verbal memory in left temporal epileptic subjects, and significant impairment of non-verbal, visual memory in right temporal epileptic subjects. Seizure patients with unilateral frontal lobe foci did not differ from the control sample on any measure. Results support previous research which emphasizes the importance of temporal lobe systems in memory function. The findings are discussed with regard to the nature and specificity of the observed deficits.

Photos of IS target persons posing happy, neutral, and sad facial expressions were rated for facial attractiveness using paired comparisons and Likert scales. Half the raters were instructed to compensate for the effects of facial expression. Paired comparisons and Likert ratings were highly correlated. Target persons were less attractive when posing sad expressions than when posing neutral or happy expressions, which did not differ. No effect of compensation instructions was found. In addition, independent ratings of four dimensions of the target persons' facial expression were obtained: pleasantness, surprise, intensity, and naturalness. Changes in these dimensions from the neutral to the happy and sad expressions and the corresponding changes in attractiveness were consistently related only to pleasantness supporting the reinforcement-affect theory of attraction. A second study related overall attractiveness to facial and bodily attractiveness. Both facial and bodily attractiveness were predictive of overall attractiveness, but the face was a slightly more powerful predictor. Results are discussed with respect to the stability of physical attractiveness, and alternative explanations of the mental-illness/physicalunattractiveness relation were proposed. This article is based on a thesis by the first author under the supervision of the fourth author submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the .roasters degree at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

No abstract

12 groups of 9 rats initially received 12, 42, or 90 runway acquisition trials to 1 of 4 rewards: 300 licks of a 20% sucrose solution, 20 licks at 20%, 300 licks at 3%, or 20 licks at 3%. Following 48 trials in which all groups received 20 licks of 3% solution, 18 extinction trials were administered. The most striking results were the absence of abrupt behavioral changes and depression effects following the reinforcement reduction, and the lack of group differences in rate of postshift response decline. Results were interpreted as contraindicating the conceptualization of incentive motivation (K) as a rapidly changing variable.Recent investigations using liquid rewards (e.g., Rosen & Ison, 1965a, 19655), in contrast to earlier studies utilizing solid food reinforcers (e.g., Crespi, 1942), have reported gradual decrements in instrumental behavior and no contrast effects following reinforcement reduction. The antagonistic effects of conditioned frustration that normally accompany decreases in solid food rewards (Amsel, 1958) appear to be attenuated or completely eliminated with sucrose. The ineffectiveness of frustration with liquid rewards can explain the absence of a depression effect, which is clearly emotionally based, and leads to the assumption that perhaps the rapid behavioral changes too are a function of the aversive consequences of anticipatory frustration rather than a reflection of abrupt fluctuations in incentive motivation (K), since rapid changes are also absent when liquid rewards are reduced. It seems reasonable to assume that K does not change rapidly, since it is conceived to depend upon the r, -s, mechanism which involves the development of a classically conditioned habit based upon the number of consummatory responses made in the goal box (Spence, 1960).In the present study, drinkometer-administered sucrose rewards were used. It may be predicted that, if frustration is thereby made 1 This paper is based upon a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD at the University of Rochester. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to J. R. Ison for advice and encouragement and to I. E. Farber for many helpful comments.