Among surviving extremely preterm infants, the rate of neurodevelopmental disability at 2 years did not differ significantly between infants who received early inhaled budesonide for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and those who received placebo, but the mortality rate was higher among those who received budesonide. (Funded by the European Union and Chiesi Farmaceutici; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01035190 .).

The effects of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on muscle glycogen and resistance exercise performance were examined with eight highly resistance trained males (mean +/- SEM, age: 24.3 +/- 1.1 years, height: 171.9 +/- 2.0 cm, body mass: 85.7 +/- 3.5 kg; experience 9.9 +/- 2.0 years). Subjects participated in a randomized, double blind protocol with testing sessions separated by 7 days. Testing consisted of an initial isokinetic leg exercise before and after an isotonic resistance exercise (IRT) session consisting of 3 leg exercises lasting approximately 39 min. Subjects consumed a CHO (1.0 g CHO.kg body mass(-1)) or placebo treatment (PLC), prior to and every 10-min (0.5 g CHO.kg body mass(-1)) during the IRT. Muscle tissue was obtained from the m vastus lateralis after a supine rest (REST) immediately after the initial isokinetic test (POST-ISO) and immediately after the IRT (POST-IRT). The CHO treatment elicited significantly less muscle glycogen degradation from the POST-ISO to POST-IRT (126.9 +/- 6.5 to 109.7 +/- 7.1 mmol.kg wet weight(-1)) compared to PLC (121.4 +/- 8.1 to 88.3 +/- 6. 0 mmol.kg wet weight(-1)). There were no differences in isokinetic performance between the treatments. The results of this investigation indicate that the consumption of a CHO beverage can attenuate the decrease in muscle glycogen associated with isotonic resistance exercise but does not enhance the performance of isokinetic leg exercise.

The data are consistent the viewpoint that weight loss, even at a moderate rate, is associated with a decrease in mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation without a change in various measures of innate immunity of the blood compartment.

The purpose of the current study was to compare serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations at multiple time points after resistance exercise sessions that incorporated different rest intervals between sets and exercises. Twenty untrained men (18.65+/-0.49 years, 68.30+/-7.98 kg, and 174.4+/-4.80 cm) performed 2 resistance exercise sessions (i.e., 3 sets with 80% 1 repetition maximum for 5 upper-body exercises) with either 1-minute (SEQ1) or 3-minute (SEQ3) rest between sets and exercises. For each session, CK and LDH concentrations were measured before exercise (PRE) and 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise (24P, 48P, and 72P). Subjects lifted a 24% greater (p<0.05) volume load during SEQ3 than during SEQ1. Within SEQ1, significant differences in CK concentrations were demonstrated between most time points, except between 24P and 72P. Similarly, within SEQ3, significant differences in CK concentrations were demonstrated between most time points, except between 24P and 72P and between 48P and 72P. The CK concentrations were highest at 48P for both sessions. When the CK concentrations were compared between SEQ1 and SEQ3, no significant differences were demonstrated at any time point. Within SEQ1, a significant difference in LDH concentration was demonstrated between 48P and 72P. Within SEQ3, significant differences in LDH concentrations were demonstrated between PRE and 24P and between PRE and 48P. The LDH concentrations were highest at 72P for SEQ1 and at 24P for SEQ3. When the LDH concentrations were compared between SEQ1 and SEQ3, no significant differences were demonstrated at any time point. These results suggest that muscle damage was similar between rest intervals; however, the volume load completed to induce the muscle damage was significantly greater when 3-minute rest intervals were employed. Therefore, when considered relative to the volume load completed, 1-minute rest intervals during resistance exercise may invoke greater muscle damage.

In recent years, kettlebells have re-emerged as a popular training modality for the conditioning of athletes. We sought to quantify the aerobic challenge of one popularly recommended kettlebell workout. Ten college-aged men (age = 20.8 +/- 1.1 years, height = 179 +/- 3 cm, body mass = 77.3 +/- 7.7 kg, Vo2max = 52.78 +/- 6.22 ml.kg.min) completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion for the determination of Vo2max. Two to 7 days later, subjects completed a kettlebell exercise routine consisting of as many 2-handed swings as could be completed in 12 minutes using a 16-kg kettlebell. During this exercise bout, subjects' expired gases were collected and analyzed for the determination of Vo2, and heart rate (HR) was continuously measured. Percent HRmax and Vo2max achieved during the kettlebell exercise were compared with each other using a paired t-test. Subjects completed 265 +/- 68 swings during the 12 minutes and achieved an average Vo2 of 34.31 +/- 5.67 ml.kg.min and an average HR of 165 +/- 13 b.min. The average %HRmax (86.8 +/- 6.0%) during kettlebell exercise was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the average Vo2max (65.3 +/- 9.8%) that was achieved. Continuous kettlebell swings can impart a metabolic challenge of sufficient intensity to increase Vo2max. Heart rate was substantially higher than Vo2 during kettlebell swings. Kettlebells provide a useful tool with which coaches may improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of their athletes. However, HRs achieved during continuous kettlebell exercise are significantly higher than actual Vo2.

No abstract

Resistance exercise produces transient perturbations in immunity, including alterations in circulating leukocyte numbers, cytokine concentration, and some measures of cell function. These changes are typically interpreted as being transiently detrimental to host defense. The mechanisms responsible for these immune fluctuations appear to be neuroendocrine-mediated alterations in cell trafficking and function and microtrauma-mediated alterations in cytokine release. Alterations in immunity following resistance exercise appear to be similar in pattern but smaller in magnitude than those typically seen after long, vigorous endurance exercise and are resolved within a few hours. However, resistance exercise—induced changes in immunity may become clinically relevant after repeated exercise bouts with insufficient recovery. Regular training appears to attenuate the immune response to resistance exercise. Care should be taken to ensure that resistance training is planned, with adequate variation in intensity and volume over time, to ensure recovery between sessions and to avoid chronic systemic inflammation.

These data support an ergogenic effect of GAKIC for attenuating the decline in mean power during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise.