Data from a selection experiment for growth carried out in Brazil were analyzed in order to evaluate the direct responses on yearling weight (YW) and the correlated responses on the size and reproduction traits of cows. The experiment was started in 1976, and in 1980 three lines of Nelore cattle were established: selection (NeS), traditional (NeT), both selected for higher YW, and control (NeC), selected for mean YW. The NeT was an open line that eventually received bulls from other herds. Yearling weight records for animals born from 1978 to 1998 and yearling hip height (H550) offemales born from 1985 to 1998 were analyzed by fitting an animal model in order to obtain the genetic trends. The means for weight, height, and body condition score at the start of the breeding season, days to calving, and calving success of cows born from 1993 to 1996 (pertaining to the third to fourth generations of selection) were compared between the selected (NeS and NeT) and control lines. The genetic trends obtained after 16 yr for YW were 1.7 +/- 0.2, 2.3 +/- 0.2, and -0.1 +/- 0.1 kg/yr for males and 1.9 +/- 0.2, 2.4 +/- 0.2, and -0.1 +/- 0.1 kg/yr for females, for the NeS, NeT, and NeC lines, respectively. Corresponding values for H550 were 0.25 +/- 0.03, 0.24 +/- 0.04 and -0.04 +/- 0.03 cm/yr for females. Heifers and cows from NeS and NeT were 19% and 15% heavier and 4% taller at the start of the breeding season than those from NeC. No significant differences between selected (NeS and NeT) and control females were detected for body condition scores and for reproductive performance. The results indicate that selection for body weight promoted high and consistent weight and height responses both at the yearling and later ages, without compromising the reproductive performance of the cows with respect to days to calving and calving success.
The genotypes for k-casein (<FONT FACE="Symbol">k</FONT>-CN), <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</FONT>-lactoglobulin (<FONT FACE="Symbol">b</FONT>-LG) and growth hormone (GH) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion in seven breeds of cattle (Nelore, Gyr, Guzerá, Caracu, Charolais, Canchim and Santa Gertrudis). <FONT FACE="Symbol">k</FONT>-Casein had two alleles with the A allele occurring at a higher frequency in Bos indicus breeds (0.93, 0.92 and 0.91% for Gyr, Guzerá and Nelore, respectively). The <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</FONT>-lactoglobulin locus had two alleles in all of the breeds. European breeds had a higher frequency of the <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</FONT>-LG A allele than Zebu breeds. The GH locus had two alleles (L and V) in Bos taurus and was monomorphic (L allele only) in all of the Bos indicus breeds evaluated. The highest frequency for the V allele was observed in Charolais cattle. The markers used revealed a considerable similarity among breeds, with two main groups being discernible. One group consisted of Zebu and Santa Gertrudis breeds and the other consisted of European and Canchim breeds.
RESUMO -Os objetivos deste estudo foram estimar as tendências e os parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos do peso padronizado aos 378 dias de idade (P378), medidas corporais e perímetro escrotal de machos Nelore, pertencentes às populações selecionadas e controle da Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho. As herdabilidades, estimadas considerando-se modelo de touro e modelo animal, foram, respectivamente, 0,53±0,12 e 0,36 para P378; 0,38±0,11 e 0,58 para altura na garupa; 0,31±0,10 e 0,10 para perímetro torácico; 0,40± 0,11 e 0,13 para comprimento do corpo; 0,39±0,11 e 0,30 para comprimento do dorso; 0,33±0,10 e 0,12 para comprimento da garupa; 0,08± 0,07 e 0,14 para distância de ísquios; 0,23±0,09 e 0,08 para distância de íleos e 0,57±0,13 e 0,44 para perímetro escrotal. A correlação genética mais alta entre P378 e medidas corporais foi encontrada para perímetro torácico (0,86 ± 0,08); as demais variaram de 0,46 a 0,72. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que, em função dos valores médios a altos das herdabilidades estimadas para P378 e da maioria das características de medidas do corpo dos animais, houve considerável variação genética aditiva nesses atributos. Além disso, devido às altas correlações genéticas de P378 com a maioria das características, pode-se concluir ser bastante provável que grande parte dos genes que controlam o peso pós-desmame também seja responsável pelo desenvolvimento das diferentes regiões do corpo de machos Nelore. A magnitude desses parâmetros justifica a tendência genética positiva nas características de seleção direta e nas secundárias.Palavras-chave: medidas corporais, parâmetros genéticos, perímetro escrotal, peso pós-desmame, tendência genética Estimates of Genetic Parameters and Trends for Body Weight at 378 Days, Body Measurements and Scrotal Circumference of Sertãozinho Nellore MalesABSTRACT -The objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic trends and also the genetic and phenotypic parameters for body weight at 378 days (W378), body measurements and scrotal circumferences of Nellore males from selected and control populations of the Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho (SP), Brazil. The heritability estimates, considering sire and animal model were, respectively, 0.53± 0.12 and 0.36 for W378 days; 0.38±0.11 and 0.58 for hip height; 0.31±0.10 and 0.10 for chest girth; 0.40± 0.11 and 0.13 for body length; 0.39± 0.11 and 0.30 for dorsal line length; 0.33± 0.10 and 0.12 for rump length; 0.08 ± 0.07 and 0.14 for distance between pin bones; 0.23± 0.09 and 0.08 for distance between hip bones and 0.57± 0.13 and 0.44 for scrotal circumference. The highest genetic correlation between W378 and body measurements was found for chest girth (0.86 ± 0.08), and the others ranged from 0.46 to 0.72. Based on the median to high heritability values found for the majority of traits, it is expected to exist a good amount of additive genetic variability controlling their variation. In addition, due to the highest correlation between W378 and most of the traits, it is pr...
Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de fatores de meio sobre a infestação de bovinos Caracu pelo carrapato Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) e estimar parâmetros genéticos do grau de infestação por esse ectoparasita. Foram realizadas contagens em fêmeas de dois rebanhos, nas quatro estações, por dois anos consecutivos (setembro/1998 a julho/2000). Contou-se o número de carrapatos (NC) em um dos lados do animal e atribuiu-se escore visual (EC) de acordo com a quantidade de carrapatos no animal. Foram feitas de uma a oito avaliações, totalizando-se 4.079 e 3.994 observações de NC e EC, respectivamente, em 718 animais. Os dados foram analisados pelo método dos quadrados mínimos com um modelo que incluiu efeitos de rebanho (R), cor do animal (C), R x C, animal dentro de R x C como erro a, ano e estação da avaliação, espessura de pelame e idade do animal como covariável. As estimativas dos componentes de variância foram obtidas pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas, utilizando-se um modelo que incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos (fazenda-ano-época), espessura do pelame e idade do animal como covariável e os efeitos aleatórios aditivos diretos e de ambiente permanente. Antes das análises, a variável NC foi transformada para log10 (n + 1) e EC para (x + 0,5)½, em que n é o número de carrapatos contados no animal e x, o escore (0 a 4). A incidência de carrapatos foi maior no verão e, quanto maior a espessura do pelame, maior o nível de infestação. As estimativas de herdabilidade e repetibilidade foram, respectivamente, 0,22 e 0,29 para NC e 0,15 e 0,21 para EC; a correlação genética entre NC e EC foi igual a 1,00. Os resultados sugerem que é possível obter progresso genético para resistência a carrapato pela seleção.
Data from 9 studies were compiled to evaluate the effects of 20 yr of selection for postweaning weight (PWW) on carcass characteristics and meat quality in experimental herds of control Nellore (NeC) and selected Nellore (NeS), Caracu (CaS), Guzerah (GuS), and Gir (GiS) breeds. These studies were conducted with animals from a genetic selection program at the Experimental Station of Sertãozinho, São Paulo State, Brazil. After the performance test (168 d postweaning), bulls (n = 490) from the calf crops born between 1992 and 2000 were finished and slaughtered to evaluate carcass traits and meat quality. Treatments were different across studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with a random coefficients model in which herd was considered a fixed effect and treatments within year and year were considered as random effects. Either calculated maturity degree or initial BW was used interchangeably as the covariate, and least squares means were used in the multiple-comparison analysis. The CaS and NeS had heavier (P = 0.002) carcasses than the NeC and GiS; GuS were intermediate. The CaS had the longest carcass (P < 0.001) and heaviest spare ribs (P < 0.001), striploin (P < 0.001), and beef plate (P = 0.013). Although the body, carcass, and quarter weights of NeS were similar to those of CaS, NeS had more edible meat in the leg region than did CaS bulls. Selection for PWW increased rib-eye area in Nellore bulls. Selected Caracu had the lowest (most favorable) shear force values compared with the NeS (P = 0.003), NeC (P = 0.005), GuS (P = 0.003), and GiS (P = 0.008). Selection for PWW increased body, carcass, and meat retail weights in the Nellore without altering dressing percentage and body fat percentage.
The aim of this study was to analyze LEP and DGAT1 gene polymorphisms in 3 Nelore lines selected for growth and to evaluate their effects on growth and carcass traits. Traits analyzed were birth, weaning, and yearling weight, rump height, LM area, backfat thickness, and rump fat thickness obtained by ultrasound. Two SNP in the LEP gene [LEP 1620(A/G) and LEP 305(T/C)] and the K232A mutation in the DGAT1 gene were analyzed. The sample consisted of 357 Nelore heifers from 2 lines selected for yearling weight and a control line, established in 1980, at the Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho (Sertãozinho, Brazil). Three genotypes were obtained for each marker. Differences in allele frequencies among the 3 lines were only observed for the DGAT1 K232A polymorphism, with the frequency of the A allele being greater in the control line than in the selected lines. The DGAT1 K232A mutation was associated only with rump height, whereas LEP 1620(A/G) was associated with weaning weight and LEP 305(T/C) with birth weight and backfat thickness. However, more studies, with larger data sets, are necessary before these makers can be used for marker-assisted selection.
RESUMO -Quarenta e quatro machos inteiros provenientes de rebanhos selecionados para peso aos 378 dias (P378), nascidos em 1995, foram confinados na Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras, representando a média geral de P378 em cada rebanho, foram formadas por oito animais Guzera (GuS) e nove para cada um dos grupos Gir (Gi), Nelore (NeS), Nelore Controle (NeC) e Caracu (Ca). O abate ocorreu aos 580 dias de idade e condição corporal 8, em uma escala de 1 a 9. As médias mínimas e máximas ajustadas, para as principais características, envolvendo todos os grupos, foram: ganho médio diário de peso, 817 (NeC) e 1061 g (Ca); peso de abate (PAB), 408,3 (Gi) e 513,6 kg (Ca); peso de carcaça (PCAR), 230,2 (Gi) e 285,0 kg (Ca); rendimento de carcaça, 55,6 (GuS) e 58,1% (NeC). No corte entre a 9ª-11ª costelas, foram: músculo: 55,7 (NeC) e 64,7% (Ca); gordura: 18,6 (Ca) e 26,9% (NeC); osso: 16,7 (Ca) e 19,2% (Gi); espessura de gordura (ESPGOR): 6,4 (Ca) e 7,5 mm (GuS); área de olho de lombo: 62,8 (Gi) e 76,6 cm 2 (Ca); força de cizalhamento: 4,4 (Ca) e 5,4 kg (Gi) e perdas totais no cozimento: 23,4 (NeC) e 26,1% (Ca). Considerando o grupo Nelore, a seleção para peso provocou maiores PAB e PCAR, sem alterar o rendimento, a composição física da costela ou a qualidade da carcaça e da carne. Animais Ca tiveram maior PAB, porém menor rendimento, maior musculosidade e menores níveis de gordura e espessura de gordura. Já GuS, com rendimento semelhante ao Ca, apresentou maior ESPGOR. Não se observaram diferenças entre os grupos genéticos quanto aos índices de maciez e perdas no cozimento da carne.Palavras-chave: composição corporal, força de cizalhamento, Gir, Guzerá, maciez da carne, Nelore, rendimento de carcaça Breed and Selection for Post-Weaning Weight Effects on Feedlot and Carcass Traits for the 15 th Progeny of Sertãozinho (SP-Brazil) Zebu and Caracu HerdsABSTRACT -Forty-four young bulls of herds selected for weight at 378 days of age (W378), born in 1995, were confined at the Sertãozinho Experimental Station, São Paulo State, Brazil. The samples, representing the W378 overall mean for each herd, were formed by 8 Guzera bulls (GuS) and by 9 bulls of each one of the groups Gir (Gi), Nelore (NeS), Nelore Control (NeC) and Caracu (Ca). The slaughter was carried out when the animals were at 580 days of age, with a body condition score averaging 8, in a 1-9 scale. The minimum and maximum adjusted means for the main traits, including all groups, were: average daily gain: 817 (NeC) and 1,061 g (Ca); slaughter weight (SW): 408.3 (Gi) and 513.6 kg (Ca); carcass weight: 230.2 (Gi) and 285.0 kg (Ca); dressing percentage (DP): 55.6 (GuS) and 58.1% (NeC). In the 9 th -11 th rib section: muscle: 55.7 (NeC) and 64.7% (Ca); fat: 18.6 (Ca) and 26.9% (NeC); bone: 16.7 (Ca) and 19.2% (Gi); fat thickness (FT): 6.4 (Ca) and 7.5 mm (GuS); loin eye area: 62.8 (Gi) and 76.6 cm 2 (Ca); Warner-Bratzler shear force: 4.4 (Ca) and 5.4 kg (Gi); total cooking losses: 23.4 (NeC) and 26.1% (Ca). Considering the N...
utilizado na dieta (14,8% de PB) foi a silagem de milho, fornecida na relação volumoso:concentrado 60:40 (%MS). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (grupos genéticos x condição sexual). Os animais não-castrados apresentaram carcaças mais pesadas, com maior rendimento, maior proporção de tecido muscular, porém com espessura de gordura subcutânea semelhante à dos castrados. Os animais da raça Caracu foram mais tardios, com maior deposição de tecido muscular, menor deposição de gordura e menor proporção de traseiro especial quando comparados aos das demais raças. Os animais zebuínos selecionados produziram carcaças mais pesadas que os Nelore não-selecionados. Entre os zebuínos, o maior peso de carcaça quente foi obtido nos animais Nelore selecionados (287 kg), sendo semelhante ao peso registrado para os Caracu (299 kg). Os grupos genéticos Nelore e Gir apresentaram os maiores rendimentos de carcaça quente (57,83; 56,82 e 57,26%, respectivamente). Os maiores comprimentos de carcaça (134 cm) foram obtidos nos animais da raça Caracu e os menores (118,67 cm) nos Nelore não-selecionados. A área de olho-de-lombo foi maior nos animais Caracu que nos zebuínos. Com exceção dos animais Gir, ocorreu o inverso para a gordura subcutânea. A seleção resultou em carcaças mais pesadas na raça Nelore e, quanto à condição sexual, os bovinos não-castrados apresentaram acabamento de gordura de cobertura adequado ao mercado.Palavras-chave: cortes primários, rendimento de carcaça Carcass traits of finishing steers and bulls from different genetic groupsABSTRACT -The objective of this trial was to investigate the physical characteristics of carcasses and primary cuts of 86 steers and bulls averaging 329 kg of body weight and 20 months of age. Twelve Gir, 20 Nellore, 20 Guzerá , and 20 Caracu all from herds that genetically selected for weight gain at 378 days of age and 14 non-genetically improved Nellore (control) were used in this study. Corn silage was used as the forage portion of the diet in a 60:40 (% DM) forage to concentrate ratio. A completely randomized design with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (genetic group and sexual condition) was used. Bulls had carcasses with greater weight, yield, and proportion of muscular tissue but similar subcutaneous fat thickness compared to steers. Caracu showed a slower development but greater muscular tissue deposition and less fat deposition resulting in higher proportion of beef round compared to the remaining breeds. The genetically improved Zebu had heavier carcasses than the non-genetically improved Nellore. The greatest hot carcass weight within Zebu was observed on the genetically improved Nellore (287 kg) and was similar to that found on Caracu (299 kg). Genetically and non-genetically improved Nellore and Gir had the highest yields of hot carcass (57.83, 56.82 and 57.26%, respectively). Caracu showed the greatest carcass length (134 cm) while non-geneticallyimproved Nellore the lowest (118.67 cm). The rib eye area ...
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