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Tumor formation can occur after maternal transmission of SDHD, a finding with important clinical implications for SDHD families. Tumor formation in SDHD mutation requires the loss of both the wild-type SDHD allele and maternal 11p15, leading to the predominant but now not exclusive pattern of disease inheritance after paternal SDHD transmission.

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Au 25 (Captopril) 18 nanoclusters (NCs) are a 1.2 nm watersoluble metal nanomaterial with strong two-photon absorption, with excited-state reactive oxygen production, and of potential applicability for biomedical imaging and two-photon photodynamic therapy (2p-PDT). Because of the low cellular uptake of Au 25 (Captopril) 18 clusters, its limited potential for conjugation with targeting agents, and to enhance its biocompatibility, we embedded these clusters into hydrogel nanoparticles (NPs) by synthesizing polyacrylamide-encapsulated Au 25 (Capt) 18 nanoparticles (PAAm-Au 25 (Capt) 18 NPs). We verified that the two-photon absorption and singlet oxygen production of these PAAm-Au 25 NPs still exhibit the favorable properties of the original metal nanocluster. Furthermore, the Au 25 -encapsulated polyacrylamide nanoparticles have enhanced in vitro cell uptake, can be easily conjugated to targeting moieties, and exhibit significantly higher biocompatibility. Photoirradiation experiments on HeLa cancer cells incubated with these PAAm-Au 25 (Capt) 18 NPs reveal excellent 2p-PDT efficacy, in contrast to 1p-PDT, thus demonstrating their promising potential for cancer PDT with infrared light that penetrates deeply into live tissue.