Abstract. The HO2 radical was monitored simultaneously using two independent techniques in the Leeds HIRAC (Highly Instrumented Reactor for Atmospheric Chemistry) atmospheric simulation chamber at room temperature and total pressures of 150 and 1000 mbar of synthetic air. In the first method, HO2 was measured indirectly following sampling through a pinhole expansion to 3 mbar when sampling from 1000 mbar and to 1 mbar when sampling from 150 mbar. Subsequent addition of NO converted it to OH, which was detected via laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy using the FAGE (fluorescence assay by gas expansion) technique. The FAGE method is used widely to measure HO2 concentrations in the field and was calibrated using the 185 nm photolysis of water vapour in synthetic air with a limit of detection at 1000 mbar of 1.6 × 106 molecule cm−3 for an averaging time of 30 s. In the second method, HO2 was measured directly and absolutely without the need for calibration using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), with the optical path across the entire ∼ 1.4 m width of the chamber, with excitation of the first O-H overtone at 1506.43 nm using a diode laser and with a sensitivity determined from Allan deviation plots of 3.0 × 108 and 1.5 × 109 molecule cm−3 at 150 and 1000 mbar respectively, for an averaging period of 30 s. HO2 was generated in HIRAC by the photolysis of Cl2 using black lamps in the presence of methanol in synthetic air and was monitored by FAGE and CRDS for ∼ 5–10 min periods with the lamps on and also during the HO2 decay after the lamps were switched off. At 1000 mbar total pressure the correlation plot of [HO2]FAGE versus [HO2]CRDS gave an average gradient of 0.84 ± 0.08 for HO2 concentrations in the range ∼ 4–100 × 109 molecule cm−3, while at 150 mbar total pressure the corresponding gradient was 0.90 ± 0.12 on average for HO2 concentrations in the range ∼ 6–750  ×  108 molecule cm−3.For the period after the lamps were switched off, the second-order decay of the HO2 FAGE signal via its self-reaction was used to calculate the FAGE calibration constant for both 150 and 1000 mbar total pressure. This enabled a calibration of the FAGE method at 150 mbar, an independent measurement of the FAGE calibration at 1000 mbar and an independent determination of the HO2 cross section at 1506.43 nm, σHO2, at both pressures. For CRDS, the HO2 concentration obtained using σHO2, determined using previous reported spectral data for HO2, and the kinetic decay of HO2 method agreed to within 20 and 12 % at 150 and 1000 mbar respectively. For the FAGE method a very good agreement (difference within 8 %) has been obtained at 1000 mbar between the water vapour calibration method and the kinetic decay of the HO2 fluorescence signal method. This is the first intercomparison of HO2 between the FAGE and CRDS methods, and the good agreement between HO2 concentrations measured using the indirect FAGE method and the direct CRDS method provides validation for the FAGE method, which is used widely for field measurements of HO2 in the atmosphere.

The fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE) method for the measurement of the methyl peroxy radical (CH3O2) using the conversion of CH3O2 into methoxy radicals (CH3O) by excess NO, followed by the detection of CH3O, has been used to study the kinetics of the self-reaction of CH3O2. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been employed to determine the products methanol and formaldehyde of the self-reaction. The kinetics and product studies were performed in the Highly Instrumented Reactor for Atmospheric Chemistry (HIRAC) in the temperature range 268–344 K at 1000 mbar of air. The product measurements were used to determine the branching ratio of the reaction channel forming methoxy radicals, r CH3O. A value of 0.34 ± 0.05 (errors at 2σ level) was determined for r CH3O at 295 K. The temperature dependence of r CH3O can be parametrized as r CH3O = 1/{1 + [exp(600 ± 85)/T]/(3.9 ± 1.1)}. An overall rate coefficient of the self-reaction of (2.0 ± 0.9) × 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 295 K was obtained by the kinetic analysis of the observed second-order decays of CH3O2. The temperature dependence of the overall rate coefficient can be characterized by k overall = (9.1 ± 5.3) × 10–14 × exp((252 ± 174)/T) cm3 molecule–1 s–1. The found values of k overall in the range 268–344 K are ∼40% lower than the values calculated using the recommendations of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and IUPAC, which are based on the previous studies, all of them utilizing time-resolved UV–absorption spectroscopy to monitor CH3O2. A modeling study using a complex chemical mechanism to describe the reaction system showed that unaccounted secondary chemistry involving Cl species increased the values of k overall in the previous studies using flash photolysis to initiate the chemistry. The overestimation of the k overall values by the kinetic studies using molecular modulation to generate CH3O2 can be rationalized by a combination of underestimated optical absorbance of CH3O2 and unaccounted CH3O2 losses to the walls of the reaction cells employed.

Abstract.A new method for measurement of the methyl peroxy (CH 3 O 2 ) radical has been developed using the conversion of CH 3 O 2 into CH 3 O by excess NO with subsequent detection of CH 3 O by fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE) with laser excitation at ca. 298 nm. The method can also directly detect CH 3 O, when no nitric oxide is added. Laboratory calibrations were performed to characterise the FAGE instrument sensitivity using the conventional radical source employed in OH calibration with conversion of a known concentration of OH into CH 3 O 2 via reaction with CH 4 in the presence of O 2 . Detection limits of 3.8 × 10 8 and 3.0 × 10 8 molecule cm −3 were determined for CH 3 O 2 and CH 3 O respectively for a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 and 5 min averaging time. Averaging over 1 h reduces the detection limit for CH 3 O 2 to 1.1 × 10 8 molecule cm −3 , which is comparable to atmospheric concentrations. The kinetics of the second-order decay of CH 3 O 2 via its self-reaction were observed in HIRAC (Highly Instrumented Reactor for Atmospheric Chemistry) at 295 K and 1 bar and used as an alternative method of calibration to obtain a calibration constant with overlapping error limits at the 1σ level with the result of the conventional method of calibration. The overall uncertainties of the two methods of calibrations are similar -15 % for the kinetic method and 17 % for the conventional method -and are discussed in detail. The capability to quantitatively measure CH 3 O in chamber experiments is demonstrated via observation in HIRAC of CH 3 O formed as a product of the CH 3 O 2 self-reaction.

Abstract. Simultaneous measurements of CH3O2 radical concentrations have been performed using two different methods in the Leeds HIRAC (Highly Instrumented Reactor for Atmospheric Chemistry) chamber at 295 K and in 80 mbar of a mixture of 3:1 He∕O2 and 100 or 1000 mbar of synthetic air. The first detection method consisted of the indirect detection of CH3O2 using the conversion of CH3O2 into CH3O by excess NO with subsequent detection of CH3O by fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE). The FAGE instrument was calibrated for CH3O2 in two ways. In the first method, a known concentration of CH3O2 was generated using the 185 nm photolysis of water vapour in synthetic air at atmospheric pressure followed by the conversion of the generated OH radicals to CH3O2 by reaction with CH4∕O2. This calibration can be used for experiments performed in HIRAC at 1000 mbar in air. In the second method, calibration was achieved by generating a near steady state of CH3O2 and then switching off the photolysis lamps within HIRAC and monitoring the subsequent decay of CH3O2, which was controlled via its self-reaction, and analysing the decay using second-order kinetics. This calibration could be used for experiments performed at all pressures. In the second detection method, CH3O2 was measured directly using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) using the absorption at 7487.98 cm−1 in the A←X (ν12) band with the optical path along the ∼1.4 m chamber diameter. Analysis of the second-order kinetic decays of CH3O2 by self-reaction monitored by CRDS has been used for the determination of the CH3O2 absorption cross section at 7487.98 cm−1, both at 100 mbar of air and at 80 mbar of a 3:1 He∕O2 mixture, from which σCH3O2=(1.49±0.19)×10-20 cm2 molecule−1 was determined for both pressures. The absorption spectrum of CH3O2 between 7486 and 7491 cm−1 did not change shape when the total pressure was increased to 1000 mbar, from which we determined that σCH3O2 is independent of pressure over the pressure range 100–1000 mbar in air. CH3O2 was generated in HIRAC using either the photolysis of Cl2 with UV black lamps in the presence of CH4 and O2 or the photolysis of acetone at 254 nm in the presence of O2. At 1000 mbar of synthetic air the correlation plot of [CH3O2]FAGE against [CH3O2]CRDS gave a gradient of 1.09±0.06. At 100 mbar of synthetic air the FAGE–CRDS correlation plot had a gradient of 0.95±0.024, and at 80 mbar of 3:1 He∕O2 mixture the correlation plot gradient was 1.03±0.05. These results provide a validation of the FAGE method to determine concentrations of CH3O2.

The OH-initiated photo-oxidation of piperazine and 1-nitropiperazine as well as the photolysis of 1-nitrosopiperazine were investigated in a large atmospheric simulation chamber. The rate coefficient for the reaction of piperazine with OH radicals was determined by the relative rate method to be k OH-piperazine = (2.8 ± 0.6) × 10 –10 cm 3 molecule –1 s –1 at 307 ± 2 K and 1014 ± 2 hPa. Product studies showed the piperazine + OH reaction to proceed both via C–H and N–H abstraction, resulting in the formation of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrazine as the major product and in 1-nitropiperazine and 1-nitrosopiperazine as minor products. The branching in the piperazinyl radical reactions with NO, NO 2 , and O 2 was obtained from 1-nitrosopiperazine photolysis experiments and employed analyses of the 1-nitropiperazine and 1-nitrosopiperazine temporal profiles observed during piperazine photo-oxidation. The derived initial branching between N–H and C–H abstraction by OH radicals, k N–H /( k N–H + k C–H ), was 0.18 ± 0.04. All experiments were accompanied by substantial aerosol formation that was initiated by the reaction of piperazine with nitric acid. Both primary and secondary photo-oxidation products including 1-nitropiperazine and 1,4-dinitropiperazine were detected in the aerosol particles formed. Corroborating atmospheric photo-oxidation schemes for piperazine and 1-nitropiperazine were derived from M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ quantum chemistry calculations and master equation modeling of the pivotal reaction steps. The atmospheric chemistry of piperazine is evaluated, and a validated chemical mechanism for implementation in dispersion models is presented.

Abstract. The HO2 radical was monitored simultaneously using two independent techniques in the Leeds HIRAC atmospheric simulation chamber at room temperature and total pressures of 150 mbar and 1000 mbar of synthetic air. In the first method, HO2 was measured indirectly following sampling through a pinhole expansion to 3 mbar when sampling from 1000 mbar and 1 mbar when sampling from 150 mbar, with subsequent addition of NO to convert it to OH which was detected via laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy using the FAGE (fluorescence assay by gas expansion) technique. The FAGE method is used widely to measure HO2 concentrations in the field, and was calibrated using the 185 nm photolysis of water vapour in synthetic air with a limit of detection at 1000 mbar of 1.6 × 106 molecule cm−3 for an averaging time of 30 s. In the second method, HO2 was measured directly and absolutely without the need for a calibration using Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) with the optical path across the entire ~ 1.4 m width of the chamber, with excitation of the first O-H overtone at 1506.43 nm using a diode laser, and with a sensitivity determined from an Allan deviation plot of 3.0 × 108 and 1.5 x 109 molecule cm−3 at 150 mbar and 1000 mbar, respectively, for an averaging period of 30 s. HO2 was generated in HIRAC by the photolysis of Cl2 using black lamps in the presence of methanol in synthetic air and was monitored by FAGE and CRDS for ~ 5–10 minute periods with the lamps on and also during the HO2 decay after the lamps were switched off. At 1000 mbar total pressure the correlation plot of [HO2]FAGE versus [HO2]CRDS gave a gradient of 0.836 ± 0.004 for HO2 concentrations in the range ~ 4–100 × 109 molecule  cm−3 while at 150 mbar total pressure the corresponding gradient was 0.903 ± 0.002 for HO2 concentrations in the range ~ 6–750 × 108 molecule cm−3. For the period after the lamps were switched off, the second-order decay of the HO2 FAGE signal via its self-reaction was used to calculate the FAGE calibration constant for both 150 and 1000 mbar total pressure. This enabled a calibration of the FAGE method at 150 mbar, an independent measurement of the FAGE calibration at 1000 mbar, and an independent determination of the HO2 cross section at 1506.43 nm, σHO2, at both pressures. For CRDS, the HO2 concentration obtained using σHO2 determined using previous reported spectral data for HO2 and the kinetic decay of HO2 method agreed to within 20 and 12 % at 150 and 1000 mbar, respectively. For the FAGE method a very good agreement (difference within 8 %) has been obtained at 1000 mbar between the water vapour calibration method and the kinetic decay of the HO2 fluorescence signal method. This is the first intercomparison for HO2 between FAGE and CRDS methods, and the good agreement between HO2 concentrations measured using the indirect FAGE method and the direct CRDS method provides a validation for the FAGE method, which is used widely for field measurements of HO2 in the atmosphere.

Tris-N-alkylpyridinium-functionalised cyclotriguaiacylene hosts as axles in branched [4]pseudorotaxane formationA series of [4]pseudorotaxanes composed of three-way axle threads based on the cyclotriguaiacylene family of crown-shaped cavitands and three threaded macrocyclic components has been achieved. These exploit the strong affinity for electron-poor alkyl-pyridinium units to reside within the electron-rich cavity of macrocycles, in this case dimethoxypillar

Abstract. A new method for measurement of the methyl peroxy (CH3O2) radical has been developed using the conversion of CH3O2 into CH3O by excess NO with subsequent detection of CH3O by fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE) with laser excitation at ca. 298 nm. The method can also directly detect CH3O, when no nitric oxide is added. Laboratory calibrations were performed to characterise the FAGE instrument sensitivity using the conventional radical source employed in OH calibration with conversion of a known concentration of OH into CH3O2 via reaction with CH4 / O2. Detection limits of 3.8 × 108 molecule cm−3 and 3.0 × 108 molecule cm−3 were determined for CH3O2 and CH3O, respectively for a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 and 5 min averaging time. Averaging over 1 hour reduces the detection limit for CH3O2 to 1.1 × 108 molecule cm−3 comparable to atmospheric concentrations. The kinetics of the second–order decay of CH3O2 via its self–reaction were observed in HIRAC (Highly Instrumented Reactor for Atmospheric Chemistry) at 295 K and 1  bar and used as an alternative method of calibration to obtain a calibration constant with overlapping error limits at the 1σ level with the result of the conventional method of calibration. The overall uncertainties of the two methods of calibrations are similar: 15 % for the kinetic method and 17 % for the conventional method and are discussed in detail. The capability to quantitatively measure CH3O in chamber experiments is demonstrated via observation in HIRAC of CH3O formed as a product of the CH3O2 self–reaction.