More than half a century of man-in-space exploration not only demonstrated the new manufacturing capabilities of the countries involved in the study of distant and near space, but also presented the main challenges that humanity will face in the exploration of the space in the first half of the 21st century. One of these challenges is the rapid growth in a number of satellites used not only by government structures, but also by private sector. This problem gives rise to another one – ensuring the safety of the satellites flights and contamination of the earth orbit by man-made objects. A particular problem is the growing militarization of the space. There is another natural challenge such as a cometary-asteroid hazard. In the near future, humanity has to answer these challenges. This is important for two reasons. Firstly, only overcoming them, we will be able to continue our expansion in the space. And, secondly, only by solving the encountered problems, we will be able to maintain the stability on the Earth. An important factor for a successful response to the challenges is international cooperation in space, which allows combining the resources of space powers including intellectual potential. In this case, we can rely on the soonest achievement of the set goals. Of course, this will mark new frontiers, which will be a challenge for the next generations.
In July 2021, regular flights of the Unity rocket plane and the New Shepard rocket with the First Step capsule took place. For the first time, both vehicles had passengers on board. The first of them rose to a height of about 86 kilometers, the second – "stepped" over a hundred-kilometer line. The events are long-awaited and, in a certain sense, significant. The media was quick to call the incident the beginning of the "era of space tourism". However, this name does not quite accurately reflect the essence of this phenomenon. Furthermore, it is impossible to consider the participants of these missions as cosmonauts. But, in any case, this is a new stage in technology development. The article provides brief information on the flights that took place. An attempt was made to understand the terminology issues. An assessment of the new phenomenon and its influence on the further development of aviation and cosmonautics is given.
This article presents the results of the creation and formation of an effective system of indicators for calculating the index of demographic development of countries and their regions (using the example of Mongolia and its immediate environment). As the content and use of statistical data, the authors rely on the most comprehensive and interpretable indicators available at the studied territorial levels. Thus, within the framework of the study, a statistical database of basic demographic indicators was collected, which included data on the number of births, deaths, natural growth, migration growth in the countries of the world, as well as in the regions of the studied countries (China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan) for 2018. The study was based on the official statistics of the Eurasian countries of international organizations. Within the framework of this work, the authors also prove the effectiveness of using the obtained indices, as well as the selected set of indicators. Also, using GIS technologies, informative materials were created within the framework of the study for an effective analysis of the demographic situation of the countries of Eurasia and their regions on the example of Mongolia and its immediate environment. Based on the materials obtained, the main features of the demographic situation at various territorial levels are described using a single set of indicators, a comparative analysis of current trends in demographic development in the world, on the territory of Eurasia, as well as in the regions of Mongolia and its surrounding countries is given. The ultimate goal of this work is to form a basic system of indicators for creating an integral index of demographic development of the countries and regions of Eurasia, capable of becoming part of a common system of indices reflecting the socio-economic development of the countries and regions of Eurasia. Which in the future will become part of a full-fledged atlas information system (AIS) of Socio-economic development of the Eurasian Academy of Sciences.
In 2021, the question arose about the possible completion of the operation of the International Space Station (ISS), currently the largest outpost of mankind in near-earth orbit. Officially, the work on board the complex should last another three years. In Russia they started talking that this should be closure. Although many participants in this project have declared their interest in continuing the flight of the station, at least until 2028 However, it is not so important when the ISS will be de-orbited: in five or ten years. In any case, it has made its contribution to the history of space exploration and it is time to think about what will replace it. Various options are being considered, international and national. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Everyone has the right to life. It remains to be seen which of them will be able to go from idea to "embodiment in iron". The article tells about the history of the creation and development of orbital space stations, about the flight of the ISS and the Chinese National Space Station, about the plans to create a circumlunar station and the Russian Orbital Service Station (ROSS), about modern views on the future of this direction of development of space technology.
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