RESUMO O presente trabalho propõe avaliar a viabilidade econômica e ambiental de aproveitamento energético do biogás do aterro sanitário do município de Varginha (MG), além de analisar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e o uso de energia em diferentes cenários hipotéticos de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU). Considerou-se uma projeção de geração de RSU em 20 anos de funcionamento do aterro, cuja produção de biogás foi estimada por meio do software LandGEM©. A análise de viabilidade econômica foi realizada por meio dos indicadores de valor presente líquido (VPL) e taxa interna de retorno (TIR). As emissões de GEE foram estimadas aplicando-se o modelo Waste Reduction Model (WARM©), considerando o cenário atual e três cenários alternativos de gerenciamento de RSU. Os cenários diversificaram em estratégias de reciclagem, digestão anaeróbia, incineração e disposição em aterro, com recuperação energética. Somente o aproveitamento energético com potência de 150 kW resultou em viabilidade econômica. Já os maiores benefícios ambientais foram obtidos pelo cenário 3, baseado na recuperação de materiais recicláveis, digestão anaeróbia e incineração dos RSU, reduzindo consideravelmente o volume de RSU destinados ao aterro. Dentre as práticas de gerenciamento dos cenários propostos, a reciclagem obteve os maiores ganhos energéticos e remoção de emissões de GEE.
Inefficiency of sanitation companies’ operation procedures threatens the population’s future supplies. Thus, it is essential to increase water and energy efficiency in order to meet future demand. Optimization techniques are important tools for the analysis of complex problems, as in distribution networks for supply. Currently, genetic algorithms are recognized by their application in literature. In this regard, an optimization model of water distribution network is proposed, using genetic algorithms. The difference in this research is a methodology based on in-depth analysis of results, using statistics and the design of experimental tools and software. The proposed technique was applied to a theoretical network developed for the study. Preliminary simulations were accomplished using EPANET, representing the main causes of water and energy inefficiency in Brazilian sanitation companies. Some parameters were changed in applying this model, such as reservoir level, pipe diameter, pumping pressures, and valve-closing percentage. These values were established by the design of experimental techniques. As output, we obtained the equation of response surface, optimized, which resulted in values of established hydraulic parameters. From these data, the obtained parameters in computational optimization algorithms were applied, resulting in losses of 26.61%, improvement of 16.19 p.p. with regard to the network without optimization, establishing an operational strategy involving three pumps and a pressure-reducing valve. We conclude that the association of optimization and the planning of experimental techniques constitutes an encouraging method to deal with the complexity of water-distribution network optimization.
The need in the use of renewable energy added to the problem of collection and final disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in large urban areas shows the importance of the correct management of this waste. In this context, the use of the gases generated from the degradation of these wastes is essential. In the present work an estimation is made for the biogas production as well as the economic feasibility of the use of the s biogas generated in a landfill and a composting yard sized for the city of Campinas - SP, between the years of 2018 and 2038. Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM) and the Waste Reduction Model were used to estimate the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Three scenarios were analyzed using the WARM method and scenario 3 was the one that presented the greatest GHG emission reduction and the second-best scenario in terms of energy consumption. Also, the LandGEM estimated the production of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases. The amount of biogas generated for the 20 years of production was 934,872,000 m3, corresponding to the life of the landfill. The study shows that an installed power of 4MW results in the installation of a financially viable enterprise to generate electricity with different dolar values that varies between R$2.80 to R$5.80. In addition, the environmental advantages are the reduction in GHG emissions and the contribution to an effective management of municipal solid waste in large urban areas.
Irrigation is responsible for approximately 70% of the world’s freshwater consumption and is one of the key factors behind the growing global water scarcity. Irrigation systems and techniques are extremely differentiated and complex. In this context, tools of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) earn relevance, allowing a detailed analysis and forecast of hydraulic behavior in different situations. In order to evaluate flow details in a dripper, this study applies CFD tools to study a drip irrigation system from three different perspectives: (i) analysis of the complete system of piping and dripper; (ii) analysis of only the isolated dripper expanded and biphasic model; and (iii) analysis of the isolated dripper operating in transient regime. Modeling results allowed a full understanding about speed fields, pressure and friction loss along the geometry. The drop formation process in the dripper output could be displayed in detail, and the obtained dripper flow output was close to the nominal value of manufacturer, in the case of the isolated dripper analysis. Although a comparison with results from experiments was not possible at the time, based on manufacturers’ catalogs, results proved satisfactory, leading to successful simulations.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.