We report a unique hydrologic time series which indicates that water levels in lakes and aquifers across the upper Great Lakes region of North America have been dominated by a climatically driven, near-decadal oscillation for at least 70 years. The historical oscillation (~13 years) is remarkably consistent among small seepage lakes, groundwater tables, and the two largest Laurentian Great Lakes despite substantial differences in hydrology. Hydrologic analyses indicate that the oscillation has been governed primarily by changes in the net atmospheric flux of water (P À E) and stage-dependent outflow. The oscillation is hypothetically connected to large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns originating in the midlatitude North Pacific that support the flux of moisture into the region from the Gulf of Mexico. Recent data indicate an apparent change in the historical oscillation characterized by an~12 years downward trend beginning in 1998. Record low water levels region wide may mark the onset of a new hydroclimatic regime.
The quality and the extent of intra-abdominal visualization are critical to a laparoscopic procedure. Currently, a single laparoscope is inserted into one of the laparoscopic ports to provide intra-abdominal visualization. The extent of this field of view (FoV) is rather restricted and may limit efficiency and the range of operations. Here we report a trocar-camera assembly (TCA) that promises a large FoV, and improved efficiency and range of operations. A video stitching program processes video data from multiple miniature cameras and combines these videos in real-time. This stitched video is then displayed on an operating monitor with a much larger FoV than that of a single camera. In addition, we successfully performed a standard and a modified bean drop task, without any distortion, in a simulator box by using the TCA and taking advantage of its FoV which is larger than that of the current laparoscopic cameras. We successfully demonstrated its improved efficiency and range of operations. The TCA frees up a surgical port and potentially eliminates the need of physical maneuvering of the laparoscopic camera, operated by an assistant.
The in vivo fluorescence (IVF) of photosynthetic pigments is used widely as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass in fresh and marine waters. Although fluorescence intensity is known to decrease with rising temperature for many fluorophores, temperature quench is rarely accounted for in field studies of plankton IVF. Here, we quantified the effect of temperature on in vivo chlorophyll and phycocyanin fluorescence in the laboratory (∼ 5°C to 30°C), and we derived temperature compensation equations for IVF sensors commonly used in freshwaters. The equations reference measured fluorescence to a standard temperature, and they have the same linear form as the equation derived in an earlier study of chromophoric dissolved organic matter fluorescence: Fr = Fm/(1 + ρ(Tm – Tr)), where F is fluorescence intensity (RFU, relative fluorescence units), T is temperature (°C), ρ is the temperature coefficient at a given reference temperature (°C−1), and the subscripts r and m stand for the reference and measured values. At a reference temperature of 20°C, the temperature coefficients (ρ) for chlorophyll and phycocyanin in Wisconsin lake waters ranged from −0.008°C−1 to −0.012°C−1 and −0.006°C−1 to −0.012°C−1, respectively. For chlorophyll in a pure culture of the green alga Scenedesmus dimorphus, the value for ρ was similar to the value in natural assemblages, averaging −0.018 ± 0.003°C−1; but for phycocyanin in the blue‐green alga Synechococcus leopoliensis it was lower (more negative), averaging −0.034 ± 0.003°C−1. This disparity notwithstanding, we conclude that temperature compensation is an important component of IVF monitoring.
An optimal camera placement problem is investigated. The objective is to maximize the area of the field of view (FoV) of a stitched video obtained by stitching video streams from an array of cameras. The positions and poses of these cameras are restricted to a given set of selections. The camera array is designed to be placed inside the abdomen to support minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. Hence, a few non-traditional requirements/constraints are imposed: Adjacent views are required to overlap to support image registration for seamless video stitching. The resulting effective FoV should be a contiguous region without any holes and should be a convex polygon. With these requirements, traditional camera placement algorithms cannot be directly applied to solve this problem. In this work, we show the complexity of this problem grows exponentially as a function of the problem size, and then present a greedy polynomial time heuristic solution that approximates well to the globally optimal solution. We present a new approach to directly evaluate the combined coverage area (area of FoV) as the union of a set of quadrilaterals. We also propose a graph-based approach to ensure the stitching requirement (overlap between adjacent views) is satisfied. We present a method to find a convex polygon with maximum area from a given polygon. Several design examples show that the proposed algorithm can achieve larger FoV area while using much less computing time.
Existing laparoscopic surgery systems use a single laparoscope to visualize the surgical area with a limited field of view (FoV), necessitating maneuvering the laparoscope to search a target region. In some cases, the laparoscope needs to be moved from one surgical port to another one to detect target organs. These maneuvers would cause longer surgical time and degrade the efficiency of operation. We hypothesize that if an array of cameras can be deployed to provide a stitched video with an expanded FoV and small blind spots, the time required to perform multiple tasks at different sites can be significantly reduced. We developed a micro-camera array that can enlarge the FoV and reduce blind spots between the cameras by optimizing the angle of cameras. The video stream of this micro-camera array was designed to be processed in real-time to provide a stitched video with the expanded FoV. We mounted this micro-camera array to a Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) laparoscopic trainer box and designed an experiment to validate the hypothesis above. Surgeons, residents, and a medical student were recruited to perform a modified bean drop task, and the completion time was compared against that measured using a traditional single-camera laparoscope. It was observed that utilizing the micro-camera array, the completion time of the modified bean drop task was 203 ± 55 s while using the laparoscope, the completion time was 245 ± 114 s, with a p-value of 0.00097. It is also observed that the benefit of using an FoV-expanded camera array does not diminish for subjects who are more experienced. This test provides convincing evidence and validates the hypothesis that expanded FoV with small blind spots can reduce the operation time for laparoscopic surgical tasks.
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