Bu çalışmanın amacı, os sacrum'un facies dorsalis'inde yer alan belirli anatomik yapıların makroskopik olarak varyasyonlarını incelemektir. Yöntem: Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı laboratuvarında bulunan, cinsiyeti belirlenemeyen ve kemik aşınmaları bulunmayan 20 adet os sacrum kullanıldı. Os sacrum'un facies dorsalis'inde yer alan canalis sacralis, foramina sacralia posteriora, hiatus sacralis, cornu sacrale ve processus articularis superior gözlemsel olarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Os sacrum'ların 3'ünde sakralizasyon ve 1'inde canalis sacralis arka duvar komplet agenezisi tespit edildi. Os sacrum'ların %60'ında konveksite S3 seviyesinde, %25'inde S4 seviyesinde iken, %15'inde konveksite yoktu. Canalis sacralis üst açıklığının "U" (%26) ve "V" (%74) şeklinde olduğu gözlendi. Processus articularis superior'ların eklem yüzeyleri, bilateral düz (%35), bilateral konkav (%55) ve unilateral konkav (%10) şeklinde gözlendi. Os sacrum'ların %10'u 5. lumbar vertebra ile %20'si os coccygis ile birleşmişti. Buna bağlı olarak foramina sacralia posteriora sayılarının değişkenlik gösterdiği belirlendi. Bu deliklerde şekil farklılıkları da gözlendi. Sıklıkla S1 seviyesindeki delikler vertikal yönde oval ve S4-5 seviyesindekiler yatay yönde oval olarak bulunuyordu. Hiatus sacralis'in şekli, "ters U" (%28), "halter" (%28), "ters V" (%17), "M" (%17),ve irregular (%12) şeklinde gözlendi. Cornu sacrale %78 oranında bulunuyordu. Cornu sacrale ile cornu coccygeum %22 oranında birleşiyordu. Hiatus sacralis'in tepesi S4 (%42), S3-S4 arasında (%32), S3 (%16), S2-S3 arasında (%5) ve S5 (%5) seviyelerinde; hiatus sacralis'in tabanı ise S4 (%32) ve S5 (%68) seviyelerinde yer alıyordu. Sonuç: Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler ışığında os sacrum'un kemik yapılarındaki bu çeşitliliğin sakral bölgede yapılan girişimsel işlemlerde işlem metodunu etkileyebileceği veya referans noktası olmaları bakımından önem teşkil edebileceği düşünüldü.

Objectives: To evaluate morphological properties of the zygomaticus major (ZMj) and demonstrate its detailed anatomical relationships with the orbicularis oculi (OOc) and the parotid duct (PD). Methods: Fifteen formalin fixed adult cadaver heads (7 males /8 females) aged between 45 and 92 years were dissected to reveal the ZMj, OOc, PD. Shape, lengths and thickness of the ZMj, positional relationships of the ZMj with respect to the OOc and PD (overlap, neighboring, being separate) were determined. Topographic localization of the ZMj according to lateral and medial canthi, tragus, mental tubercle and angle of mandible was evaluated. Results: The shape of the ZMj was observed as band like in 15/29 (51%), fan like in 10/29 (34%) and bifid in 4/29 (13%) sides. Position of the ZMj with respect to the OOc and distal part of the PD was not constant. The ZMj was overlapped by the OOc in 15/29 (52%) sides while they were adjacent in 14/29 (48%) sides. The ZMj overlapped the distal part of PD in 16/29 (%55) sides. They were separate in 10/29 (35%) sides and adjacent in 3/29 (10%) sides. Topographic location of the ZMj with respect to lateral and medial canthii, tragus, angle of mandible and mental tubercle was demonstrated. No statistically significant relationships were found between the ZMj measurements with head circumference and face length. No statistically significant differences were found between sides and gender in terms of the ZMj morphology (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the morphological features and topography of the ZMj along with its relationships with the OOc and PD that would be essential for clinical implications.

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Objectives: The study aimed to display the growth pattern of the tympanic ring in fetal cadavers of 20-30 weeks of gestation. METHODS: In the study, 32 temporal bones of 16 fetuses (8 males, 8 females) of 24.62 ± 3.44 weeks of gestation were dissected to measure the height (TRH), width (TRW), and perimeter (TRP) of the annulus, and the width (TNW) of the opening part of the annulus at the level of the tympanic notch. Results: The TRH, TRW, TRP, and TNW were measured as 8.25 ± 1.04 mm, 7.64 ± 1.08 mm, 24.93 ± 3.40 mm, and 4.01 ± 0.91 mm, respectively. The parameters were similar at the seventh and eighth months of gestation; therefore, there was no variation from the seventh month. Linear function was calculated as y = 1.328 + 0.281 x weeks ( P < .001) for the TRH, y = 1.284 + 0.258 x weeks ( P < .001) for the TRW, y = 3.367 + 0.876 x weeks ( P < .001) for the TRP, and y = −0.603 + 0.188 x weeks ( P < .001) for the TNW. Conclusion: The parameters (TRH, TRW, TRP, and TNW) did not alter from the seventh month in utero. The linear functions (which represent the growth pattern of the parameters) of the tympanic ring may be useful for ear professionals to guess the annulus diameters, and to diagnose growth retardation and probable congenital anomalies in utero during sonographic imaging.