For decades, the peopling of the Americas has been explored through the analysis of uniparentally inherited genetic systems in Native American populations and the comparison of these genetic data with current linguistic groupings. In northern North America, two language families predominate: Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene. Although the genetic evidence from nuclear and mtDNA loci suggest that speakers of these language families share a distinct biological origin, this model has not been examined using data from paternally inherited Y chromosomes. To test this hypothesis and elucidate the migration histories of Eskimoan- and Athapaskan-speaking populations, we analyzed Y-chromosomal data from Inuvialuit, Gwich’in, and Tłįchǫ populations living in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Over 100 biallelic markers and 19 chromosome short tandem repeats (STRs) were genotyped to produce a high-resolution dataset of Y chromosomes from these groups. Among these markers is an SNP discovered in the Inuvialuit that differentiates them from other Aboriginal and Native American populations. The data suggest that Canadian Eskimoan- and Athapaskan-speaking populations are genetically distinct from one another and that the formation of these groups was the result of two population expansions that occurred after the initial movement of people into the Americas. In addition, the population history of Athapaskan speakers is complex, with the Tłįchǫ being distinct from other Athapaskan groups. The high-resolution biallelic data also make clear that Y-chromosomal diversity among the first Native Americans was greater than previously recognized.
In the development of the church today, the problem that arises is the confusion of people who sin, the church seems to ignore the implementation of church discipline. This neglect is wrong attitude, because it does not carry out church discipline that means the church allows a person to fall into sin the reason of fear for making the person offended even though this kind of attitude makes the person's spiritual growth die. Death spiritual growth will become the root of the problem in the church and have an adverse effect on other congregations, therefore church leaders must be brave in making decisions. The method used in this paper is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that church discipline is very important in correcting mistakes so that the congregation can live righteously according to God's Word. The church needs to be brave in taking decisions in carrying out church discipline, and must not neglect the implementation of church discipline, because church discipline is God's command according to the truth of God's Word.
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