Knowledge of the nutrient uptake by crops at different stages of growth may provide the basis for rational application of fertilizers, which may lead to reduced production costs and improved use of fertilizers by plants. Based on this knowledge, we conducted this study to determine the biomass and nutrient accumulation curve of the onion cultivar Bella Vista in a system of transplanted seedlings. The experiment was carried out in Ituporanga-SC, Brazil, by using a randomized block design with three replicates. Eleven plant collections were carried out throughout the crop cycle. The variables evaluated included plant length; total dry biomass of leaves, bulbs, and roots; and concentrations of macro- and micronutrients. The maximum dry biomass accumulation in the shoots and bulbs at 140 days after transplanting (DAT) was 4.26 and 27.41 mg per plant, respectively, which contributed to 13% and 85% of the whole plant dry biomass at the end of the cycle, respectively. Potassium (K, 521.6 mg) was accumulated in the largest quantity per plant, followed by nitrogen (N, 465.7 mg), calcium (Ca, 253.3 mg), sulfur (S, 109.0 mg), magnesium (Mg, 86.9 mg), and phosphorus (P, 76.5 mg). The micronutrient accumulation was as follows: iron (Fe, 6,227.5 µg), boron (B, 902.3 µg), zinc (Zn, 573.7 µg), manganese (Mn, 573.7 µg), and copper (Cu, 241.4 µg).

ABSTRACT:Nitrogen fertilization and an appropriate cutting thickness can result in firmer sod that can be handled in less time with greater turfgrass regrowth during the subsequent cycle.This experiment was conducted on a sod production farm located in Capela do Alto, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The soil was a dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol) with a medium texture.The experiment had two statistical designs; the initial design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replicates. Treatments were five doses of liquid organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) corresponding to 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha -1 of nitrogen (N) with supplementation of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) as well as two control treatments -one with 300 kg ha-1 of N as OMF and the other with 300 kg ha -1 of N-urea + P and K. At harvest, the adopted design was a split-plot type with four replicates in a 7 × 3 factorial arrangement with seven treatments as the main plot and three sod cutting heights (9, 16 and 22 mm) as subplots. Nitrogen doses in the form of OMF influenced the percentage of ground cover (PGC) by turfgrass in both cycles.The N dose of 300 kg ha -1 formed the sod more quickly and provided the largest mass of roots and stolons and the highest sod tensile strength. The thinnest sod samples had faster regrowth and provided higher PGCs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen topdressing rates applied to an intercrop of maize (M) with paiaguás grass (G) and pigeonpea (P) on silage production and on the pasture development in the offseason. Treatments consisted of two simultaneous intercropping systems (M + G; and M + G + P) and four N topdressing rates (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha?1). The introduction of pigeonpea into the system and the increasing N rates provided gains in yield and silage quality. Pigeonpea responded to nitrogen fertilization by having good regrowth and good dry matter yields in the intercrop. For silage making, the N rates of 240 kg ha?1 N for M+G and 120 kg ha?1 for M+G+P can be recommended. Nitrogen rates promote an increase in the dry matter yield of the grass and of pigeonpea, resulting in improvements in the pasture during the offseason.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência do gesso na taxa de cobertura verde do solo pela forragem e a exportação de nutrientes em função das doses aplicadas. O experimento foi conduzindo em campo nos anos de 2012 a 2014 na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Câmpus São Luís de Montes Belos/GO. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro doses de gesso (450, 900, 1800 e 3600 kg/ha) e mais dois tratamentos adicionais: um controle (sem gesso e adubação) e um tratamento que recebeu somente a adubação química. Os tratamentos com gesso também receberam a adição de fertilizantes. O gesso promoveu aumento da taxa de cobertura verde do solo pela forrageira, principalmente no período da seca. A ordem decrescente de extração para o capim-marandu, considerando extração máxima de cada nutriente, foi: K > N > Mg > Ca > P > S. Para uma produção média de 10 t/ha · ano do capim Marandu necessita-se de 146, 13, 179, 31, 32 e 14 kg/ha de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, respectivamente.

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a native species of the Amazon biome. This species had great economic importance due to the production of latex, used to obtain natural rubber. Seeking growth in productivity with adequate management is necessary to optimize production and increase areas with rubber trees. This study aimed to verify the physical and chemical attributes of soil under three different managements and two rubber tree clones, searching for the best alternative for the general edaphoclimatic conditions of the Cerrado biome. The experiment was installed in Palmeiras of Goiás, GO, Brazil, in a randomized block design in a 2×3 factorial arrangement, consisting of two rubber tree clones (PB 312 and RRIM 600) and three management strategies (organomineral fertilizer with poultry litter, pigeon pea as green manure, and mechanical mowing-brushcutter). Physical attributes such as soil density, soil penetration resistance, soil moisture and aggregation, soil fertility, and tree development were analyzed. Statistical analyses of variance and Tukey test were carried out in order to compare the dendrometric data and physical and chemical attributes of the soil under the different treatments applied in the inter-row of rubber trees. No significant statistical differences were found among treatments and between clones in relation to soil physical attributes. However, the soil pH reduced the use of organomineral fertilizer and the clone RRIM 600 had the highest heights.

Com a crescente demanda para produção e comercialização de gramas em tapetes, critérios de qualidade devem ser estabelecidos. Um atributo que pode ser determinante da qualidade dos tapetes e do rendimento (número de tapetes por área) é a resistência mecânica ao manuseio na colheita e transporte. Objetivou-se com este trabalho relatar a construção de equipamento para medição de resistência de tapetes de grama, dando ênfase ao seu funcionamento e eficiência como ferramenta útil na determinação deste atributo. O equipamento é constituído de estrutura rígida com acessórios que fixam o tapete e imprimem tração no sistema, registrando-se a força exercida em dinamômetro de carga. Para a realização do ensaio foram colhidos tapetes de grama em área experimental numa propriedade, em Capela do Alto, SP, em que os tratamentos foram constituídos por dois tipos de adubação (NPK: 300 kg ha-1 + kg ha-1 P2O5 + 200 kg ha-1 K2O e somente N: 300 kg ha-1) e três espessuras de corte do tapete (9, 16 e 22 mm). O equipamento foi eficiente na determinação da resistência à tração dos tapetes de grama esmeralda e foi capaz de diferenciar as condições como adubação e espessuras de tapete, de modo prático, no campo e de forma rápida.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gramado, Cisalhamento, Colheita, Qualidade. PORTABLE EQUIPMENT FOR TENSILE STRENGTH OF SODABSTRACT: With the increasing demand for sod production and marketing, quality indexes should be established. An attribute that can be determinant to the sod quality and yield (number of sods by area) is the tensile strength in handling, harvest and transport. The aim of this work was to report the construction of an equipment to determine sods tensile strength, emphasizing its functioning and efficiency as a useful tool. . The equipment consists of a rigid structure with accessories that secure the sod and print traction system, recording the force exerted on the dynamometer load. For the test sods were collected from the experimental area at a farm in Capela do Alto, São Paulo State, Brazil. The treatment had two types of fertilization (NPK: 300 kg ha-1 N + 80 kg ha-1 P2O5 + 200 kg ha-1 K2Oand only N: 300 kg ha-1N) and three thicknesses cutting sod (9, 16 and 22 mm) . The equipment was efficient in determining the tensile strength of zoysia grass sod and was able to differentiate conditions such as fertilization and thicknesses, in a practical and quickly way, in the field.KEYWORDS: Turfgrass, Shear. Harvest, Quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including citrus pulp in maize silage on chemical composition and fermentation parameters. The experimental design was fully randomized with four replicates. Maize silage consisting of 0–50% citrus pulp was produced and analyzed. The pH linearly decreased with the increased inclusion of citrus pulp (3.49 at 50% citrus pulp), which is far below what is considered adequate (3.8–4.2). However, not all fermentation parameters were compromised. At 33% citrus pulp, we estimated 30.82 g/kg total nitrogen. At 49% citrus pulp, we estimated 95.16 g/kg of crude protein. At 21% and 22% citrus pulp, we estimated 549.89 g/kg of neutral detergent fiber and 678.11 g/kg of total digestible nutrients, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the inclusion of up to 30% citrus pulp improves the complete chemical composition of maize silage owing to the reduction in structural carbohydrate values and increases in total digestible nutrient and protein content.

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