The paper broadly addresses how Industry 4.0 program drivers will impact maintenance in aviation. Specifically, Industry 4.0 practices most suitable to aeronautical maintenance are selected, and a detailed exposure is provided. Advantages and open issues are widely discussed and case studies dealing with realistic scenarios are illustrated to support what has been proposed by authors. The attention has been oriented towards Augmented Reality and Additive Manufacturing technologies, which can support maintenance tasks and spare parts production, respectively. The intention is to demonstrate that Augmented Reality and Additive Manufacturing are viable tools in aviation maintenance, and while a strong effort is necessary to develop an appropriate regulatory framework, mandatory before the wide-spread introduction of these technologies in the aerospace systems maintenance process, there has been a great interest and pull from the industry sector. Highlights Industry 4.0 practices most suitable to aeronautical maintenance are selected. Advantages and open issues are widely discussed and case studies are illustrated. Augmented Reality can support maintenance tasks. Additive Manufacturing can be useful to produce spare parts. A strong effort is necessary to develop an appropriate aeronautical regulatory framework.
Augmented Reality (AR) is worldwide recognized as one of the leading technologies of the 21st century and one of the pillars of the new industrial revolution envisaged by the Industry 4.0 international program. Several papers describe, in detail, specific applications of Augmented Reality developed to test its potentiality in a variety of fields. However, there is a lack of sources detailing the current limits of this technology in the event of its introduction in a real working environment where everyday tasks could be carried out by operators using an AR-based approach. A literature analysis to detect AR strength and weakness has been carried out, and a set of case studies has been implemented by authors to find the limits of current AR technologies in industrial applications outside the laboratory-protected environment. The outcome of this paper is that, even though Augmented Reality is a well-consolidated computer graphic technique in research applications, several improvements both from a software and hardware point of view should be introduced before its introduction in industrial operations. The originality of this paper lies in the detection of guidelines to improve the Augmented Reality potentialities in factories and industries.
This study deals with a mixed static and dynamic optimization of four-parameter functionally graded material (FGM) doubly curved shells and panels. The two constituent functionally graded shell consists of ceramic and metal, and the volume fraction profile of each lamina varies through the thickness of the shell according to a generalized power-law distribution. The Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method is applied to determine the static and dynamic responses for various FGM shell and panel structures. The mechanical model is based on the so-called First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT). Three different optimization schemes and methodologies are implemented. The Particle Swarm Optimization, Monte Carlo and Genetic Algorithm approaches have been applied to define the optimum volume fraction profile for optimizing the first natural frequency and the maximum static deflection of the considered shell structure. The optimization aim is in fact to reach the frequency and the static deflection targets defined by the designer of the structure: the complete four-dimensional search space is considered for the optimization process. The optimized material profile obtained with the three methodologies is presented as a result of the optimization problem solved for each shell or panel structure.
Recent years have seen an outpour of revived interest in the use of airships for a number of applications.Present day developments in materials, propulsion, solar panels, and energy storage systems and the need for a more eco-oriented approach to flight are increasing the curiosity in airships, as the series of new projects deployed in recent years show; moreover, the exploitation of the always mounting simulation capabilities in CAD/CAE, CFD and FEA provided by modern computers allow an accurate design useful to optimize and reduce the development time of these vehicles.The purpose of this contribution is to examine the different aspects of airship development with a review of current modeling techniques for airship dynamics and aerodynamics along withconceptual design and optimization techniques, structural design and manufacturingtechnologies and, energy system technologies. A brief history of airships is presented followed by an analysis of conventional and unconventional airships including current projects and conceptual designs.
The present work aims to propose a new approach for defining interactive user manual in complex assemblies, using a new enabling technology of Industry 4.0, i.e. Augmented Reality. The AR environment supports the user in stepby-step assembly on-the-fly. The study of this method, suitable to realize the assembly of parts, is a stimulating engineering mission, which can take advantage from the latest innovations in imagining technologies and computer graphics. In the present paper, a proposal for an innovative method based on Augmented Reality useful to support the components' assembly is suggested. The methodology illustrated is based upon a four steps process: at the beginning, the designer performs the assembly structure through a CAD system. In a second time, an unexperienced user assembles the same parts without any suggestion: the differences between two assembly sequences are documented and broken down in order to distinguish critical points in the assembly. Finally, a virtual user manual is shaped in Augmented Reality environment. The assembly is then performed by the same unexperienced user, guided by the AR tool. When the end user practices the instrument, the location of the item to assemble is perceived by tracking the finger position of the user itself. In order to help the end-user in the assembly procedure, a series of symbols and texts is added to the external scene. In this paper a case study based on the assembly of a scale model has been developed to evaluate the methodology. After an evaluation process, the procedure seems to be feasible and presents some advantages over the state-of-the-art methodologies proposed by literature.
This work presents the static and dynamic analyses of laminated doubly-curved shells and panels of revolution resting on Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundations using the Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method. The analyses are worked out considering the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) for the above mentioned moderately thick structural elements. The effect of the shell curvatures is included from the beginning of the theory formulation in the kinematic model. The solutions are given in terms of generalized displacement components of points lying on the middle surface of the shell. Simple Rational Bézier curves are used to define the meridian curve of the revolution structures. The discretization of the system by means of the GDQ technique leads to a standard linear problem for the static analysis and to a standard linear eigenvalue problem for the dynamic analysis. Comparisons between the present formulation and the Reissner-Mindlin theory are presented. Furthermore, GDQ results are compared with those obtained by using commercial programs. Very good agreement is observed. Finally, new results are presented in order to investtigate the effects of the Winkler modulus, the Pasternak modulus and the inertia of the elastic foundation on the behavior of laminated shells of revolution.
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