People are able to prioritize more valuable information in working memory. The current study examined whether this value effect is due to the items of greater value being refreshed more than lower-value items during maintenance. To assess this possibility, we combined a probe value manipulation with a guided-refreshing procedure. Arrays of colored shapes were presented, and after a brief delay, participants reported the color of one randomly probed shape on a continuous color wheel. To manipulate probe value, one item was indicated as more valuable than the rest prior to encoding (i.e., worth more notional points), or all items were indicated as equally valuable. To guide refreshing, in some trials, two arrows were presented during maintenance, each arrow cueing the spatial location of one item. Participants were told to “think of” (i.e., refresh) the cued item. If value boosts are driven by attentional refreshing, cueing an item to be refreshed should enhance performance for items that are of low or equal value, but not items of high value, as these items would be refreshed regardless of the cue. This pattern of outcomes was observed, providing support for the hypothesis that attentional refreshing at least partially accounts for probe value effects in working memory.
A idéia central deste artigo é elencar alguns elementos para o debate acerca das transformações que vem ocorrendo no campo, da (re)significação da questão agrária e do campesinato a partir das práticas agrícolas em diversos âmbitos. Partiremos, pois, do debate de Soberania Alimentar para destacarmos a Agroecologia, que incorpora debates políticosideológicos acerca da reestruturação das relações que no campo se estabelecem a partir das esferas sociais, ambientais, políticas, culturais e econômicas.
The capacity limitations of visual working memory may be bypassed by verbal labeling. In adults, labeling increases estimates of both quantity and quality of visual working memory. However, we do not know when children begin to use labeling and whether labeling similarly benefits visual memories of children under and over age 7. We assessed whether children benefit from prompted and spontaneous labeling opportunities, examining how labeling affects the storage of categorical (prototypical) and continuous (fine-grained) color information. Participants memorized colored candies for a continuous reproduction test either while remaining silent, labeling the colors aloud, or saying irrelevant syllables (discouraging verbal labeling). Mixture modeling confirmed that both categorical and continuous representations increased with age. Our labeling manipulation showed that spontaneous labeling increased with age. For the youngest children, prompted labeling especially boosted categorical memory, whereas labeling benefited categorical and continuous memory similarly in the older age groups.
ObjetivoValidar um questionário para verificar a atitude de clientes da Alimentação Coletiva em relação à soja e seus derivados.
MétodosA elaboração do questionário valeu-se de escala de Likert de cinco pontos. As validações foram realizadas com clientes de duas unidades de alimentação e nutrição, da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo a primeira uma empresa gráfica e a segunda uma empresa de confecções. A validação interna valeu-se do coeficiente de Cronbach para medir confiabilidade. Aplicou-se o teste de normalidade às matrizes de escores para cada item. A constatação do comportamento dos escores não Gausiano indicou utilização da correlação de Spearman (r) para discriminar itens. Como critério de exclusão foi definido r negativo ou próximo de zero. A validação externa foi realizada entre o confronto das matrizes representadas pelas médias dos escores de cada item. Utilizou-se a razão dos desvios-padrão para avaliar a concordância relativa, considerando-se a associação entre as matrizes resultantes da aplicação do questionário nas duas unidades de alimentação e nutrição.
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