A urbanização no município de Campinas-SP e região ocorreu de forma rápida e intensa, provocando acentuadas alterações na paisagem e resultando em uma expressiva degradação das áreas florestais e da cobertura vegetal natural. Este fenômeno deu origem a um processo de fragmentação florestal bastante intenso. Neste contexto, mapear estes fragmentos e avaliá-los segundo indicadores ambientais é de suma importância, pois permite avaliar a condição destes nas bacias hidrográficas, bem como identificar áreas prioritárias para ações de recuperação e manejo a serem implantadas. Assim, o presente estudo traz uma classificação dos fragmentos florestais identificados na Bacia do Ribeirão Anhumas, Campinas-SP, utilizando como indicadores as seguintes métricas de paisagem: tamanho, área nuclear e índice de circularidade. Para tanto, foi realizada uma Análise de Agrupamento com uso do software estatístico XSTAT, como forma de identificar as semelhanças entre os fragmentos, considerando os indicadores supracitados, e agrupá-los em classes. Uma correlação entre eles também foi desenvolvida a fim de identificar possíveis relações de interdependência. Constatou-se que a bacia estudada é altamente urbanizada, sobretudo na região do alto curso, local onde existem menos fragmentos, com tamanhos menores e em situação majoritária de isolamento. Embora, de forma geral, os fragmentos apresentem tamanho bom, há um considerável agravante: o índice de área nuclear é bastante baixo, cerca de 25%, o que implica que grande parte da área de cobertura ocupada pelos fragmentos encontra-se sujeita aos efeitos de borda. Além disso, pela análise de agrupamento, os fragmentos puderam ser agrupados em três classes, sendo o fator tamanho um dos mais determinantes. Identificou-se ainda a sub-bacia do baixo curso como a região menos urbanizada e com maiores fragmentos e maior potencial para a implantação de ações de manejo e recuperação dos fragmentos florestais como, por exemplo, corredores ecológicos.
Accelerated urbanization in Brazil promoted the rapid growth of cities and, in most cases, was not based on adequate land use planning. The result was the intense fragmentation of the landscape, causing the destruction and fragmentation of forest habitats, which were restricted to small and isolated remnants. In this sense, the present study promoted an analysis of the environmental quality of vegetation fragments in the sub-basins of Ribeirão Anhumas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil by calculating and interpreting the circularity index (CI), in order to define the format of the fragments, connectivity/ isolation and the use and occupation of the environment as well as area and location, in order to promote the diagnosis and identification of priority areas for the implementation of restoration and environmental management actions. It was identified, therefore, that the remaining vegetation of the upper, middle and lower sub-basins is divided between small and medium unconnected fragments of which 56.2% and 24.2% presented an elongated and moderately elongated shape, respectively, and, therefore, high susceptibility to external interference and edge effects. On the other hand, high urbanization evidenced mainly in the high-level limits forest management projects, since the fragments are surrounded by built areas.
Activities considered effectively or potentially polluting depend on an environmental impact assessment before starting their installation and operations. However, the lack of a structured logical procedure for supporting decision-making may compromise the comparative analysis of alternatives available. In this paper we present a methodological proposal based on a weighted global index () for comparative analysis in environmental impact assessments. For that, the impact global index (), originally developed by Bressane et al., was improved taking into account an additional weighting based on the prioritization of impacts according to their relative importance case-by-case. Then, the new index was used on two case studies. In the first one, the was applied to support decisionmaking on maintenance or demolishing of the buildings in situation of irregularity. Secondly, several technologies and siting alternatives have been compared for installing a sewage treatment plant into an urban condominium. As a result, it was found that the weighted impact global index was able to critically and comprehensively evaluate the alternatives available for both cases under study. In conclusion the may be considered a promising approach as a method for supporting decisionmaking in environmental impact assessments.
The process of ecosystem fragmentation causes three types of changes in the ecosystem: changes of abiotic, direct biotic and indirect biotic nature. Among these changes, some of them are the microclimatic alterations, edge effect, decrease of the gene flow and losses of biodiversity, among others. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the environmental quality of forest remnants in a highly urbanized area through environmental indicators and landscape metrics, such as total area, circularity index, shape of forest fragments, nuclear area, connectivity between them, use and occupation around and distance from the nearest neighbor. The indicators were evaluated according to the methodologies established in the literature and grouped into an index to determine the environmental quality of each forest remnant. The index consisted of the sum of the weighted values for each indicator, according to its classification. The results indicate that most forest remnants evaluated in the study area present medium environmental quality, which demonstrates the degree of edge effect to which they are submitted, and this emphasizes the need for appropriate management actions in these areas, in order to soften such external pressures and ensure long-term sustainability. In addition, it was also identified that the metrics related to the area are essentially important for the determination of the environmental quality of forest remnants.
Os remanescentes florestais apresentam uma relevante multifuncionalidade para o fornecimento de serviços ecossistêmicos para as cidades, especialmente relacionados à disponibilidade hídrica em aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos, visto que contribuem para o controle do escoamento superficial e das inundações, redução da poluição filtragem da água, dentre outros. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade ambiental dos remanescentes florestais da sub-bacia do rio Capivari, em Campinas-SP, que apresenta alto potencial hídrico, utilizando-se métricas da paisagem. As análises foram realizadas em ArcGIS sobre as seguintes métricas: AREA, CAI, IC, ENN, PROXRIOS, AGUA, BORDA, EROD, aplicadas para o cálculo do Índice de Qualidade Ambiental (IQrem). Identificou-se que 78,0% dos remanescentes apresentam qualidade ambiental média, seguidos por 15,2% com qualidade baixa e apenas 6,8% com qualidade alta. Esta condição está principalmente relacionada à predominância de remanescentes com pouca ou nenhuma área central, associada à formatos predominantemente alongados e a distribuição destes remanescentes em uma malha predominantemente antropizada. Por outro lado, estes remanescentes apresentam considerável conectividade, já que mais de 50% estão próximos a algum remanescente vizinho em até 60 m. Um ponto chave identificado é o fato de que 93,2% dos remanescentes estão em até 60m de algum curso d’água. Desta forma, constatou-se que os remanescentes florestais apresentam uma significativa função para a manutenção da disponibilidade hídrica para o município de Campinas, em termos de qualidade e quantidade. Isto aumenta a importância de que sejam realizadas ações de manejo eficazes que contribuam para aumentar e assegurar a qualidade ambiental destes remanescentes.
Forest remnants are essential in the provision of ecosystem services in cities. However, adequate ecological parameters are still needed to assess them. Because of this, the present work proposes a methodology for assessing the potential of providing ecosystem services by forest remnants in urban watershed based on the application and interpretation of landscape spatial metrics used in Landscape Ecology studies. For that, the environmental indicators (area, central area, circularity index, distance from the nearest neighbor, water springs, land use, and occupation in the surroundings) were evaluated in GIS software and to them, the Hierarchical Process Analysis Method (AHP) was applied to identify the importance of each parameter in the provision of ecosystem services and the priority in each remainder. The study was carried out in a watershed in Campinas/ SP, in which it was found that forest remnants develop, primarily, ecosystem support or habitat services, regulation services, and cultural services.
Green areas, whether located in urban or rural environments, play an important role in maintaining ecological systems that provide vital environmental services for the quality of life of populations. In this sense, the present study assessed the environmental damage in the forest remnants that make up the Santa Genebrinha ecological corridor in Campinas city, São Paulo State, to identify limitations in the implementation and maintenance of this corridor. Initially, we surveyed geoindicators and the distribution of forest remnants in the Ribeirão Anhumas watershed, where the corridor is inserted. Subsequently, we developed an impact assessment matrix to quantify the main environmental damages affecting the forest remnants that make up this corridor. The results allowed us to identify the most impacting actions on the corridor: agriculture/monoculture, deforestation, burning, urbanization, and land use and occupation, with quantification (Q) averages of -7.6; -8.3; -7.3; -8.1; and -7.3, respectively, resulting in a high damage percentage (66.7%) for each action. The diagnosis pointed to local scope, direct incidence, and current temporality, reinforcing the need to consider these factors for implementation and management of the quoted corridor.
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