Following the Crépon-Duguet-Mairesse Model (1998), using a database with 2,078 Mexican manufacturing establishments from 2004 to 2006, adapting available proxy variables and proposing a different productivity estimation, this article sets out: Which is their innovation propensity? Which factors push on their innovation efforts? Are these efforts and the innovation favoring labor productivity? The main findings are: Mexican manufacturing establishments with a higher innovation propensity are the largest, with high technological intensity and market share. Advertising, knowledge appropriability, FDI, TT and access to credit have a positive effect on innovation efforts. Moreover, the innovation effort, together with export levels, FDI and access to technology have influenced the innovation of new processes and/or designs, particularly in local firms as compared to foreign firms. Finally, the variables: innovation, labour remunerations and capital intensity have a substantial effect on labor productivity and at a lower level market share, FDI and total quality control.

Firms in developing countries are characterized by weak technological capacities, insufficient human capital, and limited R&D. Consequently, these countries also produce fewer patents. Considering these disadvantages, companies in developing countries cannot rely on their in-house R&D efforts; they must import nonincorporated or soft technologies (license and technical-assistance agreements, and tacit knowledge transfer). In the pursuit of technological improvement, firms attempt to adopt an optimal technology acquisition strategy. This essay examines the use of in-house R&D and technology transfer in the Mexican pharmaceutical industry between 1994 and 2000 by using two econometric models. Unlike the pharmaceutical industries of other developing countries such as India and China, this study indicates that there is a low probability of complementarity between R&D and technology transfer in the Mexican pharmaceutical industry. This is a strategy that has been adopted only by some larger firms and multinationals.

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Accounting & Management www.cya.unam.mx/index.php/cya Convergencia de innovación en el nuevo paradigma tecnológico denanotecnología entre países 1

Links between universities and firms (U-F) have been developed in a process in which universities have transformed the arena in which they carry out their missions and firms have internalized the need for cooperation in order to strengthen their R&D, with the idea of developing new products and processes in the context of the innovation economy. The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors affecting knowledge links among industry and scientific fields across Mexico's technological sectors. According to our estimations, using a negative binomial model based on 959 USPTO Mexican patents granted from 1980 to 2013, and using the scientific references cited in the patents as a dependent variable, we found that a greater propensity toward industry and science links is positively associated with the international mobility of inventors, previous technological knowledge, technological knowledge diffusion, science-intensive technological sectors, and larger inventor team size, but negatively associated with technological collaboration. Resumen: Los vínculos entre las universidades y las empresas (UF) se han desarrollado en un proceso en el que las universidades han transformado el escenario en el que llevan a cabo sus misiones y las empresas han interiorizado la necesidad de cooperación a fin de fortalecer sus actividades de I + D, con la idea de desarrollar nuevos productos y procesos en el contexto de la economía de la innovación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores que influyen en los vínculos de conocimiento entre los campos de la industria y científicos en todos los sectores tecnológicos de México. De acuerdo con nuestras estimaciones, utilizando un modelo 126 n EconoQuantum Vol. 13. Núm. 1 binomial negativa sobre la base de 959 patentes USPTO mexicanos otorgados desde 1980 hasta 2013, y el uso de las referencias científicas citadas en las patentes como una variable dependiente, se encontró que una mayor propensión a los vínculos entre la industria y la ciencia se asocian positivamente con la movilidad internacional de los inventores, los conocimientos tecnológicos previos, la difusión del conocimiento tecnológico, los sectores tecnológicos intensivos en los equipos de inventores de mayor tamaño, pero asociados negativamente con la colaboración tecnológica. n Palabras clave: Vínculos industria-ciencia, patentes, factores de la propensión a los vínculos industria-ciencia enlaces UF, México.