The magnetic properties of lead selenide (PbSe) and indium-doped lead telluride (PbTe:In) composites have been studied by using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. The samples were obtained by using the pulsed laser deposition method (PLD). Temperature dependences of the EPR spectra were obtained. The analysis of the temperature dependencies of the integral intensity of the EPR spectra was performed using the Curie–Weiss law. In these materials, the paramagnetic centers of Pb1+ and Pb3+ ions were identified. The results are discussed.
The potential of KOBO unconventional extrusion of metallic materials based on phenomenon of changing the path of plastic deformation with use of cyclic oscillation of the die by given angle and frequency has been presented in this paper. This process is used to change material properties by fragmentation of grains without preheating the billet and press parts with significantly lower extrusion force in comparison to conventional process. Various types of billets (various metallic materials in the form of: solid initial material, condensed chips, layered composite material) were used during the experimental tests to analyze the plastic flow of the material and the possibility of plastic deformation of various metallic materials such as aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys and copper in order to obtain a product with a complex shape in the KOBO process, using dies with different geometries. Mechanical properties, microstructure, scheme of plastic flow and extrusion force were examined during experimental work. KOBO extrusion can be considered as a more cost-effective process than conventional extrusion.
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