The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods were used for the determination of antioxidant capacities (AC) of rapeseed oils at different steps of technological process and olive oils. The mean ORAC and FRAP results obtained for rapeseed oils (1,106-160 and 552-95.6 lmol TE/100 g) were higher than for olive oils (949-123 and 167-32.1 lmol TE/100 g). Although, FRAP values were lower than ORAC values for all studied oils, there is a linear and significant correlation between these two analytical methods (r = 0.9665 and 0.9298, P \ 0.0005) for rapeseed and olive oils, respectively). Also, total phenolic compounds in rapeseed oils and olives correlated with antioxidant capacities (correlation coefficient ranged between 0.9470 and 0.8049). The refining process of rapeseed oils decreased the total phenolics content and antioxidant capacities by about 80%.

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Three different analytical methods: ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were used for determination of antioxidant capacity of seven rapeseed varieties. Antioxidant capacity and levels of the total phenolic content, individual phenolic acids, fatty acid composition, and the selected physicochemical properties of the studied rapeseed cultivars were determined. Mean ORAC values for methanolic extracts of rapeseeds (4092-12989 mmol of Trolox/100 g) were significantly higher than FRAP and DPPH values (6218-7641 and 6238-7645 mumol of Trolox/100 g, respectively). Although FRAP and DPPH results were lower than ORAC values for all studied rapeseed varieties, there are linear and significant correlations between these three analytical methods (correlation coefficients ranged between 0.9124 and 0.9930, p < 0.005). Also, total phenolic compounds in rapeseeds correlated with antioxidant capacity (correlation coefficients ranged between 0.8708 and 0.9516, p < 0.01). Total phenolic acids determined by HPLC varied from 20.3 mg to 40.7 mg per 100 g of rapeseed flour, and the main phenolic acid is sinapic acid (17.4-36.4 mg/100 g). Fatty acid composition (SAFA = 7.2-8.6%, MUFA = 58.5-68.0%, PUFA = 24.7-33.9%) and the absence of trans-fatty acids indicate that the studied rapeseed varieties can be a source of unsaturated fatty acids and have a positive impact on human health.

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A novel silver nanoparticle-based (AgNP) method and two modified procedures, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), were used for determination of antioxidant capacities of the ethanolic, methanolic, methanolic-aqueous (1 : 1 v/v) and aqueous extracts of rapeseed and its products. The AgNP method based on the electron-transfer reaction between silver ions and antioxidants in an optimized ammonium buffer medium (pH = 8.4) and determination of silver nanoparticle formation has been elaborated. The novel AgNP method was validated using sinapic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ascorbic acid and quercetin as standard antioxidant solutions in concentration ranges of 0.03-0.21 µmol mL(-1), 0.02-0.20 µmol mL(-1), 0.01-0.18 µmol mL(-1), 0.03-0.30 µmol mL(-1) and 0.001-0.009 µmol mL(-1). The calculated detection (DL = 0.01, 0.02, 0.009, 0.02 and 0.0004 µmol mL(-1) for sinapic, gallic, caffeic, ascorbic acids and quercetin, respectively) and quantification limits (QL = 0.04, 0.06, 0.03, 0.08 and 0.001 µmol mL(-1) for sinapic, gallic, caffeic, ascorbic acids and quercetin, respectively) confirm linearity concentration ranges for determination of antioxidant capacity by AgNP assay. The average antioxidant capacities of the studied rapeseed samples ranged between 14.7 and 126.2 µmol sinapic acid per gram for the proposed AgNP method, 7.4-112.7 µmol sinapic acid per gram for the FRAP method and 39.1-339.8 µmol sinapic acid per gram for DPPH assay. The methanol-water mixture (1:1 v/v) was the most efficient solvent for extraction of antioxidants from the studied rapeseed samples. There are significant, positive correlations between the novel AgNP and the modified FRAP, DPPH and FC methods for all extracts of the studied rapeseed samples (r = 0.7564-0.8516, p < 0.001). Satisfactory values of precision (RSD = 1.2-4.4%) and accuracy (recovery = 95.6-104.6%, except methanolic extracts) demonstrate the benefit of the proposed AgNP method for analysis of the antioxidant capacity of rapeseed samples. Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that there are differences between the total amounts of antioxidants in rapeseed samples extracted by different solvents.

Extensive studies of rapeseed varieties, meals and rapeseed oils revealed that they are rich sources of natural components having antioxidant properties. In this review the characteristic of bioactive compounds in rapeseed cultivars, meals and oils will be presented. The analytical methods of antioxidants identification and determination are described. The effects of innovations in rapeseed modification and technology improvements on antioxidant capacity of rapeseed oil and products will be discussed.

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