The envisaged large penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the near future, brings new challenges to low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) grids. For uncoordinated EV charging, the impact on the LV grid may be significant, due to the simultaneity between the residential power peak and the charging of EVs. The amount of EV chargers that can be connected to the grid without endangering the reliability or voltage quality for other customers is called the hosting capacity. This paper presents the analyses of the hosting capacity of a realistic LV residential network with 160 households for EV chargers. A stochastic approach is used, assuming that the EV chargers are randomly distributed over the households and the phases. For different EVs penetration rates in the network, the hosting capacity for slow chargers is determined. The results show that the EV penetration rate that the network can safely accept is 45%.
A software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where the major part of its functionality is implemented by means of software in a personal computer or embedded system. Such a design paradigm has the major advantage of producing devices that can receive and transmit widely different radio protocols based solely on the software used. This flexibility opens several application opportunities in hospital environments, where a large number of wired and wireless electronic devices must coexist in confined areas like operating rooms and intensive care units. This paper outlines some possible applications in the 2360-2500 MHz frequency band. These applications include the integration of wireless medical devices in a common communication platform for seamless interoperability, and cognitive radio (CR) for body area networks (BANs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for medical environmental surveillance. The description of a proof-of-concept CR prototype is also presented.
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