During COVID-19 pandemic associated with multiple restrictions research performance is significantly hampered. This experiment aimed to verify, whether it is possible to adapt the experimental pain induction technique and observe the spatial summation of pain (SSp) within the field-like environment (so that it is possible to conduct the experiment outside of the laboratory and obtain similar results). Two variants of the Cold Pressor Task (CPT) were chosen to induce the SSp effect: i) using a professional apparatus available in the laboratory and ii) with the use of a commercially available plastic box filled with ice and water and a thermometer to measure the temperature of the water. Volunteers’ (n = 9) hands were divided into 5 segments, which were then subsequently immersed in the cold water (5°C) for 60 seconds (5-minute intertrial interval). Each participant took part in two sessions, i.e., using laboratory equipment and its non-laboratory equivalent. Preliminary observations confirmed that it is possible to induce SSp using both laboratory devices and methods adapted to non-laboratory conditions. SSp effect size was found to be similar in both methods. Small differences in the level of reported pain were observed, but these differences did not affect the SSp effect. The study showed that it is possible to adapt the procedure to induce pain and SSp within non-laboratory environment.
Open Access License:This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. abstract BackgroundThe article explores two issues -perfectionism and attitudes toward doping in sport. The study was aimed at verifying the thesis that perfectionism in its adaptive and maladaptive forms may have an effect on athletes' attitudes toward doping. Material/MethodsThe study sample consisted of 110 athletes (43 females and 67 males). To test perfectionism the Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism Questionnaire developed by Szczucka was used and to measure attitudes toward doping-free sport and anti-doping policies a questionnaire worked out by one of the authors. The effect of perfectionism on doping attitudes was measured. ResultsThere were significant differences in attitudes toward controls and sanctions between men and women with men showing a more positive attitude. All regression models were significant, explaining from 7% to 12% of variance in the attitudes. In all cases adaptive perfectionism was a positive predictor of attitudes to doping. On the contrary, maladaptive perfectionism was negatively correlated with attitudes; only in the case of attitude toward controls the relationship was significant. ConclusionsWith the rise of adaptive perfectionism, i.e. the tendency to set oneself high personal standards and strive for superb athletic performance, the probability of positive attitudes toward anti-doping policy also rises.
Introduction. The aim of the study was twofold. The first aim was to specify attitudes toward using performance-enhancing drugs (doping) among athletes practising different sports disciplines. The second aim was to present the Polish version and validation of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Material and methods. A total of 340 athletes (173 males and 167 females) took part in the study. They represented 13 sport disciplines. The study was conducted in Central Sports Centres in Poland. Athletes’ attitudes were assessed using the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Results. The study revealed that athletes generally were not tolerant in relation to illegal performance-enhancing substances in sport. However, men were more permissive toward illegal performance enhancement than women. The other important factor, apart from gender, was the amount of contact between competitors. The lowest values were found for sports where athletes competed parallel to each other, medium values were recorded for sports where athletes were in close contact, and the highest values were found in the group of athletes having no contact with the competitors. Our analyses also confirmed that the 11-item version of PEAS has the best fit indices and therefore is most recommended for use among Polish athletes. Conclusions. The Polish version of PEAS is recommended in its 11-item version, and its reliability was confirmed. According to the findings of the study, Polish athletes rather do not approve of doping behaviours. Men were more likely to use illegal substances than women. The most positive attitude towards doping was found for sport disciplines where there is no contact with the competitor.
In terms of the sports discipline, there are significant differences in satisfaction with the body; however, they occur only among males. The subject athletes expressed greater satisfaction with their bodies. The body image, perceived among female subjects as an object (also sexual), affects the level of sports motivation focused on the aim. For males, the aspect of body capa-bility, i.e. physical condition, is the factor responsible for an increase in the motivation focused on the aim.
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