ФГБУ ГНЦ ФМБЦ им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России, Москва В руководящих документах по радиационной безопасности приводятся требования к расчёту риска возникновения радиационно-обусловленных заболеваний, основанных на применении доз от всех видов радиационного облучения. Однако отсутствие регистров, отвечающих этим требованиям, не позволяет получить корректные результаты. Целью данного исследования является анализ различия риска заболевания злокачественными новообразованиями (ЗНО) при использовании доз различных видов воздействия ионизирующего излучения на челове-ка. Работа выполнена на информационной базе данных Отраслевого регистра лиц, подверг-шихся воздействию радиации в результате аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС, -работников предприятий и организаций Госкорпорации «Росатом», принимавших участие в ликвидации последствий аварии на ЧАЭС. В расчёт риска включены дозы внешнего профессионального облучения и дозы, полученные при работе в 30-км зоне ЧАЭС. В исследовании показано, что применение доз от двух видов воздействия ионизирующего излучения на человека приводит к получению различных уровней риска заболевания ЗНО. Авторы пришли к выводу, что включение в расчёт риска только дозы одного вида облучения приводит к получению оши-бочных результатов в анализе возникновения радиационно-ассоциированных болезней, что, в свою очередь, делает радиационную безопасность небезопасной.
One of the fundamental problems in management is the issue of correlation of occupational rationality and human factor. The highest recognition of this issue was achieved in the Russian management thought in the early 1900s. The authors have concentrated their attention on the Russian management thought, since it is studied less in comparison with classical Western management schools. This article analyzes the works by the major philosophers and theoreticians of management, their approaches and attitudes to the mentioned issue are considered, the main results of conferences on scientific organization of labor held in the USSR are studied. The main aim of the article is retrospective analysis and systematization of approaches of the Russian scientists to the correlation between occupational rationality and human capital. The results of the study are arranged in the form of correlation matrix of various sides and attitudes on this issue in the works by various Russian philosophers of management. It should be mentioned that solution to this problem is relevant at present, since digitization minimizes the significance and opportunities of human factor.
Introduction. The document analyzes the current state of issues of medical exposure of the population using methods of radiation diagnostics. Purpose of research is thr development of approaches to optimization of radiation doses to patients, taking into account radio-succeptibility and radioresistance of different age groups exposed to medical irradiation (MI), forming radiation doses and risks of induction of long-term stochastic effects in these groups. Material and methods. Analysis of factors affecting the formation of dose load approaches to the study of x-ray diagnostics at the present stage. Results. The paper gives a detailed review of modern scientific views on the effect of low doses of radiation, identifies controversial aspects of this problem, including the threshold of stochastic effects. The analysis of the main factors of MI dose formation is carried out. It is concluded that it is formed mainly in the field of diagnostic irradiation, while the restriction (1 mSv) applies only to preventive irradiation. This leads to a lack of systematic approaches to the reasonable limitation, optimization, and justification of diagnostic radiation procedures. The significant part of the dose load was shown to be formed due to unreasonable or erroneous directions to the study. Medical exposure is significantly different from other types - man-made and natural, and the risk of medical exposure competes with the risk of failure of radiation diagnostics. A number of measures aimed at reasonable limitation of medical exposure and reduction of risks of stochastic effects while ensuring high quality of diagnostics are proposed. The proposals are based on the provision to reduce radiogenic risks with increasing age. It is also proposed to develop “practical thresholds” of medical exposure for different age groups. Conclusion. The necessity of correction and approaches detailing on justification and purpose of studies in x-ray diagnostics, taking into account features of irradiated contingents, development on this basis of “practical thresholds” of MI at a priority of quality of clinical diagnostics is established.
Materials on the work of interdepartmental expert councils for 2011-2014 are presented. The results of the analysis of the conditions and methodological approaches of the establishment by the expert councils of the causal connection of diseases, disability and death of citizens exposed to radiation factors due to the Chernobyl disaster are shown. Data on the number and structure of the taken measures are presented, and the place of the expertise in the system of post-emergency sanitary and hygienic measures is shown.
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