Physical abilities modelling has a profound connection with long-term athlete development and talent identification. There is not enough data to support evidence about age-related changes in volleyball players’ isometric strength. This study aimed to define the age-related model of volleyball players multidimensional muscles’ contractile characteristics. The participants were divided according to gender (male n = 112, female n = 371) and according to age into four groups: under 15 (U15), under 17 (U17), under 19 (U19), and under 21 (U21) years old. Participants performed three isometric strength tests: handgrip, lumbar extensors, and ankle extensors. Maximal force and rate of force development results from all three tests were transformed into a single Score value as a representation of contractile potentials using principal component analysis. The main findings were that Score values of both genders showed significant differences between age groups (male: F = 53.17, p < 0.001; Female: F = 41.61, p < 0.001). Trends of those yearly changes were slightly more balanced for female subjects (3.9%) compared to male subjects (6.3%). These findings could help in strength training adjustments when working with volleyball players of a certain age, and enable coaches to detect ones that stand out positively, considering them as strong in regard to their age.
BACKGROUND: Volleyball player’s performance depends on a combination of technical-tactical skills and an optimum level of general and specific physical fitness. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare the results of three isometric strength tests with the results of four specific volleyball performance tests using a novel Multidimensional Modelling Approach. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study 80 male (age = 16.2 ± 1.7 yrs.) and 116 female (age = 16.1 ± 1.5 yrs.) volleyball players performed two testing sessions consisting of ankle extensor, handgrip, and lumbar isometric strength tests, followed by countermovement tests, modified X test and medicine ball throw. RESULTS: Principal Component Analysis, with 51.38% to 64.87% of variances explained, was used to group results from multiple tests into a single score: isometric force (Fmax Score), rate of force development (RFDmax Score), and specific performance tests (Specific Score). Calculated Fmax Score, and RFDmax Score values showed low (r= 0.310–0.416), but statistically significant (p< 0.01) correlations with Specific Score. Regression analysis showed 17.3% and 9.6% influence of Fmax and 16.9% and 10.1% influence of RFDmax on specific abilities for male and female sample respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings derived from the isometric strength tests are not related to those obtained from specific volleyball performance tests. However, the advantages of isometric tests and their findings may be of a comparative clinical value in management of sports injury in volleyball players.
Obesity prevalence and trends of PBF related to age were defined on a sample of 8100 people among whom, 4955 were male (Age = 31.2 ± 10 yr) and 3145 were female (Age = 32.1 ± 11.3 yr). Body structure measurements were performed using a standardized method of multichannel bioimpedance analysis (BIA), using a body structure analyzer -InBody 720. The total sample was divided into two subsamples according to sex, where every subsample was divided into five different age groups.The mean PBF values of the Male total sample were 18.2 ± 8.0 % and the female total sample was 28.3 ± 9.2 %. Results of Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner post-hock showed that there are statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) between all age groups among themselves except groups 50 -60 and 60 -65 (p = 0.09). Analysis of obesity prevalence according to the PBF indicator in different age groups revealed the existence of statistically significant (p < 0.001) trends of increasing obesity with age, both in men and women. Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that most of the Serbian working population are in the range of normal PBF values, excluding the male 30-39.9 yr and female 60-65 yr age categories as groups which are more prone to obesity levels.
The subject of this paper are training methodologies important for improving tactics in youth categories of volleyball players. In practice, coaches very quickly switch from learning the 6: 0 system (initial system), to the 5: 1 system (competitive - senior), which for beginners leads to limitations in the manifestation of tactical and strategic skills, but also the effectiveness of technical elements in competition. The aim of this paper is to show the ageoriented, ie chronological and experience-oriented methodology of learning the system in volleyball. Order in training, respect for chronological, motor and sports age, timely specialization and orientation towards the principles of motor learning are recognized as factors leading to the expected outcome in the individual career of an athlete, making training methods effective and desirable in practice.
The goal of this paper is to analyse the relationships and differences among volleyball teams, participants of the 2018 World Cup in Japan, divided into three categories by their final standings (1st to 4th place, 5th to 8th place and others), based on the elements of situation-based efficiency. For the purposes of this paper, information from the official match reports (p 2 report) related to the way of winning points in the match was used, and these data were analysed using the program Volleyball Information System (VIS). The data obtained were analysed in relation to the team category and the outcome of the match. The data were obtained using descriptive and comparative statistical procedures. The survey sample includes all the women’s volleyball championship games played in Japan in 2018. Based on the final standings, the teams were divided into three groups: 1) the teams who reached the 3rd stage of the tournament (6 teams, from 1st to 6th place); 2) the teams that finished the competition in phase 2 (10 national teams, ranking 7th to 16th); 3) national teams that finished the competition in phase 1 (8 national teams, ranking 17th to 24th). The results obtained indicate that the teams had an equally good performance of the block and serve game elements; statistically these were not significant for the match outcome, but they rather serve as an aid for the overall game and for the final outcome of the match. The results of this research also highlight the spike as the key element affecting the positive end result of the match. It is important to emphasize that the opponent errors are a factor that depends exclusively on the opponent, but they also determine the overall score of the winning team.
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