These results support the two-point method as a reliable, valid, and fatigue-free procedure of assessing the muscle mechanical capacities through the F-V relationship.
Physical abilities modelling has a profound connection with long-term athlete development and talent identification. There is not enough data to support evidence about age-related changes in volleyball players’ isometric strength. This study aimed to define the age-related model of volleyball players multidimensional muscles’ contractile characteristics. The participants were divided according to gender (male n = 112, female n = 371) and according to age into four groups: under 15 (U15), under 17 (U17), under 19 (U19), and under 21 (U21) years old. Participants performed three isometric strength tests: handgrip, lumbar extensors, and ankle extensors. Maximal force and rate of force development results from all three tests were transformed into a single Score value as a representation of contractile potentials using principal component analysis. The main findings were that Score values of both genders showed significant differences between age groups (male: F = 53.17, p < 0.001; Female: F = 41.61, p < 0.001). Trends of those yearly changes were slightly more balanced for female subjects (3.9%) compared to male subjects (6.3%). These findings could help in strength training adjustments when working with volleyball players of a certain age, and enable coaches to detect ones that stand out positively, considering them as strong in regard to their age.
The physical growth and development of motor skills, are important components that can be programmed to act physical exercise and training. The aim of this study is to present the impact of volleyball training at changing the general and specific motor abilities at female volleyball players 13-14 years old. The sample represented 40 subjects, students at volleyball school "DIF" from Belgrade. In this study, the sample of variables is divided into two sub-samples (variable assessment of general motor skills and variables to assess specific skills in volleyball). On the first day, they made measurements of height and weight (in the gym) and conducted tests: long jump seats (SUD), easy to block (DUB), running at 20 m (TRC), and the second day were conducted in the remaining three tests (Russell Lang-testfingers (RLTP), Russell Lang-test -"hammer" (RLTC) and service (RLTS)). Repeat testing (re-test) was carried out in three months. Regarding the experimental factor that is active during the three months, it is important to mention that the trainings are held 4 times a week. The results (applied comparative statistics and t-test for small dependent samples), indicating that there was a positive difference in all variables, three months after the programmed work, and particularly demonstrated statistical significance of the variable long jump places (SUD) and in all three specific abilities (RLTP, RLTC and RLTS). The positive changes in the expression of general and specific abilities of volleyball players aged 13-14 years can be achieved only by well-programmed training sessions, conducted by trained specialists.
BACKGROUND: Volleyball player’s performance depends on a combination of technical-tactical skills and an optimum level of general and specific physical fitness. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare the results of three isometric strength tests with the results of four specific volleyball performance tests using a novel Multidimensional Modelling Approach. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study 80 male (age = 16.2 ± 1.7 yrs.) and 116 female (age = 16.1 ± 1.5 yrs.) volleyball players performed two testing sessions consisting of ankle extensor, handgrip, and lumbar isometric strength tests, followed by countermovement tests, modified X test and medicine ball throw. RESULTS: Principal Component Analysis, with 51.38% to 64.87% of variances explained, was used to group results from multiple tests into a single score: isometric force (Fmax Score), rate of force development (RFDmax Score), and specific performance tests (Specific Score). Calculated Fmax Score, and RFDmax Score values showed low (r= 0.310–0.416), but statistically significant (p< 0.01) correlations with Specific Score. Regression analysis showed 17.3% and 9.6% influence of Fmax and 16.9% and 10.1% influence of RFDmax on specific abilities for male and female sample respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings derived from the isometric strength tests are not related to those obtained from specific volleyball performance tests. However, the advantages of isometric tests and their findings may be of a comparative clinical value in management of sports injury in volleyball players.
It is very important to develope, as a part of training technologies, appropriate tools, or tests to validly and objectively control the level of specific skills development. This study aims to determine reliability and validity of the test for evaluation of specific running agility development level of young volleyball players. Male subsample consisted of 63 boys and 146 girls. Total subject sample was also divided into age categories, where boys consisted of: 29, 21 and 13, and girls: 65, 37 and 44-U15, U17, and U19 respectively. All subjects were tested using modified X test. Differences were determined with ANOVA, while reliability evaluation was performed using Reliability analysis and Aplha and ICC criteria, as well as Linear Regression Analysis. Results showed that there were significant differences between age groups for both male and female subject (p = 0.002 and p = 0.000, respectively). Test showed high reliability (>0.82) for both day-by-day and trial-by-trial models. In general, applied modified X test, proved to be statistically reliable and sensitive to observed age groups of subjects, and therefore it can be recommended for use in volleyball training technology.
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