Pleural empyema caused by trichomonas. Case report Pleural empyema formation is one of the potential complications of lower respiratory tract infections and it is characterized by bacterial organisms seen on gram stain or the aspiration of pus on thoracentesis. Very rarely empyema can be caused by trichomonas species, of which Trichomonas Tenax appears to be the most common cause. In this article we report the case of a 51-year-old man who developed a pleural empyema caused by trichomonas, and review the available literature of this rare infection of unknown incidence and uncertain pathogenetic signifi cance. Our patient was treated with metronidazole, however complete cure was not achieved and pulmonary decortication was necessary for the successful outcome. As far as we know, this is the fi rst case of pleural empyema caused by trichomonas reported in Chile.
Basic microsurgical training for a vascularized composite allotransplantation animal model Introduction: Rat hind limb transplantation is a complex animal model of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). A basic microsurgical training is required prior to the implementation of this model. Aim: To propose a training program for the acquisition of basic skills to perform a microsurgical VCA model. Animals and Methods: The training program was conducted in two stages. First, at the dry lab, basic suturing skills with 9-0 to 11-0 nylon sutures were practiced, reproduced from surgical videos performed by experts. In a second stage, at the wet lab using 13 Lewis rats, 6 hind limb microsurgical dissections were performed and the important steps for transplantation were identified: 10 end to end femoral artery anastomoses with 10-0 nylon interrupted suture; 10 end to end femoral vein anastomoses with 10-0 nylon suture; 3 femoral vein interposition in the femoral artery; 6 end to end sciatic nerve neurorrhaphy; 4 femur osteosynthesis with 21g needle and wire cerclage. Anastomotic patency rate and anastomotic surgical time were recorded. Results: Arterial and venous patency rate was 100 and 90% respectively. Surgical time decreased from 49 to 24 minutes on arterial anastomoses and from 55 to 25 minutes on venous anastomoses after completion
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