Determination of reducing sugars is carried out routinely in the food industry, in biological research, or pharmaceutical and biomedical quality control to estimate metabolically assimilable sugars. Widespread detection methods are complex, expensive, or highly polluting. Here, we propose the use of spectrophotometric quantification for reducing sugars (Benedict q ) based on the qualitative method of Benedict. The protocol was validated, to verify its reproducibility and precision. With the proposed method (Benedict q ), the reducing sugar glucose can be determined in a range of 0.167–10 mg mL –1 , with an R 2 of 0.997 and accuracy (expressed as % of recovery) greater than 97%. Other reducing sugars, such as maltose, fructose, and lactose, showed similar values. The method robustness was verified for pH values greater than or equal to 4. In the case of protein presence, a correction is proposed in the range of 0–1.67 mg mL –1 . Modifications implemented in the protocol reduce cost, working time, and reaction volumes with respect to the original assay without detriments in accuracy and precision. In addition, waste reduction represents an important contribution of the method.
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of water pre-conditioning on the percentage of germination and emergence of Capsicum chinense. The seeds were cultivated during the productive cycle from December 2015 to February 2016. For the pre-conditioning, the seeds were imbibed with 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 ml of water. The volume of 7.5 ml was used as a reference. Germination results indicate that the three best imbibition volumes were 2.5, 3.5 and 5 mL, with a Pearson correlation of -0.905 (p= 0.000) between the volume of water and the percentage of accumulated germination, as well as the decrease of the germination time 50. Subsequently, the same seeds were transplanted to evaluate the emergence. The best imbibition volumes for the emergency were, in that order, 3.5, 5 and 2.5 ml. In the emergency, the volume with the best percentage of germination (2.5 ml) occupied the third place, which modified the Pearson coefficient to -0.641 (p= 0.01). The results suggest that a certain degree of stress, generated by the decrease in water supply, favors germination and establishment, which could be related to the synthesis and accumulation of ethylene within the germination system. On the other hand, the increase in the diameter of the water film generates a decrease in the availability of oxygen. The contribution of the present work was to demonstrate that the correct hydration of the seeds influences later stages of germination, without adding growth regulators.
El establecimiento de foros de competencia judicial en el ámbito del Derecho Internacional Privado, para atribuir el conocimiento de una situación privada internacional a los tribunales de uno u otro Estado, encuentra su fundamento en la proximidad por diversos motivos de la situación jurídica con el Estado cuyos tribunales resolverán la disputa. En cambio, en el ámbito penal, la determinación del tribunal competente es un proceso lento y con dificultades, y continúa siendo una competencia exclusiva reservada a los Estados. En este sentido, determinar qué tribunal va a poder conocer de un conflicto internacional va a depender de lo dispuesto en veintisiete sistemas penales diferentes. A través del presente artículo, nuestra contribución persigue plantear breve e inicialmente si es posible hallar un punto de confluencia entre ambas disciplinas jurídicas, constituyendo por tanto un punto de partida en el examen de la materia, es decir, si los foros y el sistema competencia de Derecho Internacional Privado, podría llegar a servir de inspiración a la hora de formular reformas legislativas comunitarias y armonizar el proceso relativo a la distribución de la competencia ante casos penales transfronterizos en la Unión Europea.
Los germinadores automatizados, son una herramienta indispensable para optimizar los procesos agrícolas. Sin embargo, tienen altos costos, por lo que se requiere el diseño, construcción y operación de aparatos con precios accesibles para pequeños productores. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue, diseñar, construir y verificar un prototipo de germinador de bajo costo, bajo las directrices de diseño de un prototipo. Dicho germinador, se construyó usando materiales disponibles en la región y es capaz de controlar automáticamente la temperatura y fotoperiodo mediante los circuitos W1401 y Tem-8 48386 respectivamente. Además, mediante conmutadores simples se puede controlar la intensidad lumínica. Adicionalmente, se construyó un verificador de temperatura con una tarjeta Arduino Uno. El sistema de verificación permitió el monitoreo de los cambios de temperatura en tiempo real (cada minuto). El prototipo se probó germinando semillas de Capsicum chinense, usando distintos volúmenes de agua de imbibición. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, el prototipo construido se ajusta a los requerimientos recomendados tanto por la International seed testing association (ISTA), como por la Food and Agriculture Organitation (FAO) para la evaluación de semillas, pero, además mostró un rendimiento mayor, en comparación con una incubadora comercial y aun costo de construcción y operación muy menor.
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