Depression and anxiety disorders in HF patients are common, underrecognized, and linked to adverse outcomes. Further research to improve detection and develop effective treatments for these disorders in HF patients is badly needed.

Summary 1.Piper arieianum, an evergreen, understorey shrub of lowland moist forests of Central and South America, exhibits marked seasonal variation in reproductive activity even though climatic variation is low at the study site. Despite a lack of climatic seasonality, previous experimental leaf removal suggested that carbohydrate accumulation is seasonal, occurring prior to flowering. 2. We first tested the hypothesis that carbohydrates necessary for reproduction are accumulated prior to flowering, rather than during or after. By measuring nonstructural carbohydrate production in the form of glucose and starch we found that the concentration of these reserves is greatest 1-3 months before flowering, decreasing by 50% during peak fruit maturation. 3. The hypothesis that reproduction was the cause of this decrease in carbohydrate reserves was then tested by comparing reserves in plants that were prevented from flowering with those that flowered and produced fruit naturally. As predicted, reserves declined more in flowering than in non-flowering plants. A smaller decline in reserves of non-flowering plants was accompanied by greater stem and leaf production, suggesting that stored carbohydrates are also required for growth. 4. Because concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates were similar in roots, stems and leaves, and because the greatest amount of plant biomass is in stems for plants of a range of sizes, stems appear to be the main storage site of carbohydrate reserves in this plant species. 5. These results, together with previous studies, demonstrate that the impact of leaf herbivory on seed production in P. arieianum depends on the timing of that herbivory relative to the accumulation and use of non-structural carbohydrates.

Background Patients presenting with chest pain to general practice or emergency providers represent a unique challenge, as the differential is broad and varies widely in acuity. Importantly, most cases of chest pain in both acute and general practice settings are ultimately found to be non-cardiac in origin, and a substantial proportion of patients experiencing non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) suffer significant disability. In light of emerging evidence that mental health providers can serve a key role in the care of patients with NCCP, knowledge of the differential diagnosis, psychiatric co-morbidities, and therapeutic techniques for NCCP would be of great use to both consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatrists and other mental health providers. Methods We reviewed prior published work on (1) the appropriate medical workup of the acute presentation of chest pain, (2) the relevant medical and psychiatric differential diagnosis for chest pain determined to be non-cardiac in origin, (3) the management of related conditions in psychosomatic medicine, and (4) management strategies for patients with NCCP. Results We identified key differential diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for psychosomatic medicine providers in 3 different clinical contexts: acute care in the emergency department, inpatient C-L psychiatry, and outpatient C-L psychiatry. We also identified several gaps in the literature surrounding the short-term and long-term management of NCCP in patients with psychiatric etiologies or co-morbid psychiatric conditions. Conclusions Though some approaches to the care of patients with NCCP have been developed, more work is needed to determine the most effective management techniques for this unique and high-morbidity population.

Clonal reproduction is a common feature in tropical herbaceous plants and has been shown to be important for recruitment and population maintenance. Although numerous phenological responses ( i r . , leaf flushing, flowering, and fruit maturation) have been shown to be associated with seasonality in the tropics, little is known about the relationship between seasonality and levels of clonal reproduction. I examined the temporal and spatial variation in clonal reproduction and its potential trade-off with growth and survival for a tropical understory herb, Archmea magdzknae (Andrt) Andr6 ex Baker, Handb. Bromel (Bromeliaceae). I addressed the following questions: (1) how do vegetative growth, survival, and donal reproduction ( i e . , rhizome and ramet production) vary between seasons and between years?; (2) how do these factors differ among populations?; and (3) do simulated dry and wet season light levels cause similar variation in rosette survival and vegetative and clonal reproduction, as found in natural populations? Rhizome and ramet production in A. mag&&-nae was found to be highly influenced by seasonality. During the transition from dry to wet season, there was a significant decrease in survival and a significant increase in clonal reproduction, and rosettes tended to grow at a slower rate. Rosettes in the location with the longest dry season had significantly lower survival, higher clonal reproduction, and a slower growth rate. Clonal reproduction also started at smaller rosette sizes in the most seasonal forest. When light levels were manipulated, rhizome and ramet production were significantly greater under the high light conditions, and rosette growth (change in longest leaf length) was significantly lower. Results from this study suggest that A. magci$zhme responds to higher light levels by shifting investment from vegetative growth to donal reproduction. Possible implications of this response to light for population demography are discussed. RESUMENReproducci6n clonal es c o m b e n t e encontrada en las especies herbiceas tropicales y ha mostrado ser importante como medio de redutamiento y permanencia de la poblaciones. Aunque numerosos eventos fenolbgicos (produccih de hojas, floradbn, maduracibn de h t o s ) estfin asociados con las estaciones seca y Uuviosa en 10s trbpicos, poco se sabe sobre !a relacibn entre la estacionalidad y la reproduccibn donal. En este estudio se examin6 la variacibn temporal y espacial en la reproducci6n clonal y su balance con crecimiento y sobrevivencia en Aechmea m a g d z h e , una especie del sotobosque tropical. Se investig6 lo siguiente: (1) c6mo varia el credmiento, la sobrevivienda y la reproducci6n clonal (producci6n de rizomas y rametas) entre estaciones y entre &os?; (2) c6mo varian estos factores entre poblaciones!; y (3) Pueden niveles de luz que simulan las condiciones en el sotobosque durante la estaci6n seca y Iluviosa, causar variaciones en la sobrevivenda, crecimiento y reproduccibn clonal similares a aquellos observados en poblaciones naturales? En A...

Experiments were conducted to examine how the relative importance of two broad groups of seed predators, insects and mammals, changes depending on seed species, habitat, and spatial and temporal distribution of seeds. Experiment 1 was conducted at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, to investigate if seed predation by insects and mammals change within forest sites with fruiting season and distance from parents. Experiment 2 was conducted in La Selva and Gigante Peninsula, Peru, to investigate if seed predation by insects and mammals change between forest sites with fruiting season and distances from parents. Socratea exorrhiza, a single large-seeded palm species, was observed in the first two experiments. Experiment 3 was conducted in Peru to investigate how are insect and mammal seed predators influenced by forest disturbance and plant species. Seed predation by insects and mammals was not affected by date of placement in a similar manner at either La Selva or Gigante. Distance from the parent tree did not influence predation by insects at either La Selva or Gigante. In contrast, predation by mammals was greater near the parent tree both at La Selva and at Gigante in May. Seed survival was generally higher at Gigante that at La Selva, and the relative importance of insect and mammal seed predators was very different between these two sites. Species-specific differences in predation were not consistent between insects and mammals and species with the highest levels of seed predation by mammals did not have the highest levels of insect seed predation. Although predation by mammals was not different between young and mature forest, insect predation was significantly greater overall in mature forest. Despite the general trend of higher insect predation in disturbed forest, there was still considerable variation among species in the relative importance of mammal and insect predation in young and mature forest.

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Clonal reproduction is a common feature in tropical herbaceous plants and has been shown to be important for recruitment and population maintenance. Although numerous phenological responses (i.e.,leaf flushing, flowering, and fruit maturation) have been shown to be associated with seasonality in the tropics, little is known about the relationship between seasonality and levels of clonal reproduction. I examined the temporal and spatial variation in clonal reproduction and its potential trade–off with growth and survival for a tropical understory herb, Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker, Handb. Bromel (Bromeliaceae). I addressed the following questions: (1) how do vegetative growth, survival, and clonal reproduction (i.e., rhizome and ramet production) vary between seasons and between years? (2) how do these factors differ among populations? and (3) do simulated dry and wet season light levels cause similar variation in rosette survival and vegetative and clonal reproduction, as found in natural populations? Rhizome and ramet production in A. magdalenae was found to be highly influenced by seasonality. During the transition from dry to wet season, there was a significant decrease in survival and a significant increase in clonal reproduction, and rosettes tended to grow at a slower rate. Rosettes in the location with the longest dry season had significantly lower survival, higher clonal reproduction, and a slower growth rate. Clonal reproduction also started at smaller rosette sizes in the most seasonal forest. When light levels were manipulated, rhizome and ramet production were significantly greater under the high light conditions, and rosette growth (change in longest leaf length) was significantly lower. Results from this study suggest that A. magdalenae responds to higher light levels by shifting investment from vegetative growth to clonal reproduction. Possible implications of this response to light for population demography are discussed. RESUMES Reproducción clonal es comúnmente encontrada en las especies herbáceas tropicales y ha mostrado ser importance como medio de reclutamiemo y permanencia de la poblaciones. Aunque numerosos eventos fenológicos (producción de hojas, floractión, maduración de frutos) están asociados con las estaciones seca y lluviosa en los trópicos, poco se sabe sobre la relación entre la estacionalidad y la reproducción clonal. En este estudió se examinó la variatión temporal y espacial en la reproductión clonal y su balance con crecimiento y sobrevivencia en Aechmea magdalenae, una especie del sotobosque tropical. Se investingó lo siguiente: (1) cómo varia el cretimiento, la sobrevivientia y la reproducción clonal (productión de rizomas y rametas) entre estaciones y entre años? (2) cómo varian estos factores entre poblaciones? y (3) Pueden niveles de luz que simulan las condiciones en el sotobosque durante la estación seca y lluviosa, causar variaciones en la sobreviventia, crecimiento y reproducción clonal similares a aquellos observados en poblaciones naturales? En ...

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