A survey of 10 producers of conventional corn (Hybrids PAC 105 and Maximus) and 10 producers of transgenic corn (Pioneer Hybrid 30T17) was carried out in the municipality of Valle de San Juan in the territorial division of Tolima (Colombia), in order to analyze the differences in production costs and environmental impacts of these two agricultural technologies. The environmental impacts were determined by calculating the field "Environmental Index Quotient" (EIQ). In the production cost analysis, a difference of 15% was found in benefit of the transgenic technology. The structure of costs of the transgenic technology was benefited by the reduced use of pesticides (insecticides and herbicides). In regards to production, the transgenic technology showed a greater yield, 5.22 ton/ha in comparison to 4.25 ton/ha the conventional technology, thus a 22% difference in yield. Finally, the EIQ calculation showed quantitative differences of 196.12 for the conventional technology (EIQ insecticides 165.14 + EIQ herbicides 30.98), while the transgenic technology was of 4.24 (EIQ insecticides 0 + EIQ herbicides 4.24). These results show a minor environmental impact when using the transgenic technology in comparison to the conventional technology, in regards to the use of insecticides and herbicides in a temporal, spatial and genotypical context analysis. :
ResumenBacillus thuringiensis es un bacilo Gram positivo que durante su fase de esporulación produce una inclusión parasporal, conformada por proteínas Cry con actividad biológica contra insectos-plaga. Gracias a estas proteínas Bacillus thuringiensis presenta toxicidad contra larvas de insectos-plaga de los órdenes Lepidóptera, Coleóptera y Díptera, entre otros. Además es amigable con el medioambiente, razones por la cuales se ha hecho común el uso y desarrollo de productos comerciales y plantas transgénicas a base de toxinas Cry en el sector agrícola. En esta revisión se describirá los aspectos más importantes de Bt y su aplicación como herramienta biotecnológica para el sector agrícola, con una consideración sobre bioensayos usando esta bacteria.Palabras clave: Bacillus thuringiensis, biopesticida, insecto-plaga, planta transgénica, proteína Cry, ensayo biológico.
Bacillus thuringiensis biotechnology in agriculture AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive rod-shape bacterium that during its sporulation phase produces a parasporal inclusion formed by Cry proteins having biological activity against pest insects. Because of these proteins, Bt shows toxicity toward pest insect larvae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera orders among others, besides of friendly with the environment, and for this reason Bt has a very common use for commercial products and transgenic plants with Cry protein basis in agriculture. In this review is described the most important Bt factors and their application as biotechnological tool in agrobusiness, considering Bt bioassays.
Soaring global food prices are threatening to push more poor people back below the poverty line; this will probably become aggravated by the serious challenge that increasing population and climate changes are posing for food security. There is growing evidence that human activities involving fossil fuel consumption and land use are contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and consequently changing the climate worldwide. The finite nature of fossil fuel reserves is causing concern about energy security and there is a growing interest in the use of renewable energy sources such as biofuels. There is growing concern regarding the fact that biofuels are currently produced from food crops, thereby leading to an undesirable competition for their use as food and feed. Nevertheless, biofuels can be produced from other feedstocks such as lingo-cellulose from perennial grasses, forestry and vegetable waste. Biofuel energy content should not be exceeded by that of the fossil fuel invested in its production to ensure that it is energetically sustainable; however, biofuels must also be economically competitive and environmentally acceptable. Climate change and biofuels are challenging FAO efforts aimed at eradicating hunger worldwide by the next decade. Given that current crops used in biofuel production have not been domesticated for this purpose, transgenic technology can offer an enormous contribution towards improving biofuel crops' environmental and economic performance. The present paper critically presents some relevant relationships between biofuels, food security and transgenic plant technology.
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